Mental Representations of Spatial and Nonspatial Relations

空间和非空间关系的心理表征

• 批准号: 8820224
• 负责人: Timothy McNamara
• 金额: $ 16.49万
• 依托单位: Vanderbilt University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1989
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1989-09-01 至 1993-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=8820224&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Mental; Representations; Spatial; Nonspatial; Relations

This research is concerned with how people remember spatial and nonspatial information. The project will examine (a) memory for photographs, (b) the metric structure of spatial memories, and (c) constraints on theories of memory and retrieval. A series of eleven experiments will investigate memory for photographs and other two-dimensional projections of three-dimensional spatial layouts. The principal goal of these studies is to determine which three-dimensional properties of a scene are encoded in the mental representation of a photograph of that scene. In addition, these experiments will determine when two- and three- dimensional spatial relations are extracted during picture perception. The results from these studies will bear on current theories of visual perception. Many of these theories assume that spatial relations in depth are inferred from information given in two dimensions (e.g., retinal images). In other words, some three-dimensional spatial relations should not be available until certain two-dimensional spatial relations have been perceived. This prediction will be tested in this research. A second set of six experiments will investigate the metric structure of spatial representations. These experiments are expected to show that spatial memories often violate two fundamental axioms of metric (e.g., Euclidean) representation, segmental additivity and symmetry. The final set of four experiments will examine the range of priming effects. Priming refers to the facilitative effects that responding to an item (e.g., lion) may have on responding to a subsequent item (e.g., tiger). Several theories of memory predict that priming will occur only if items are directly associated (e.g., lion-tiger). Other theories predict that priming will occur even if items are separated by two or three associative steps (e.g., lion-stripes and mane-stripes, respectively). Two experiments will establish limits on the range of priming effects in lexical (word vs. nonword) decisions and in recognition, and two computer simulations will assess the extent to which neural-network models of memory are constrained by the findings.

这项研究涉及人们如何记住空间和非空间信息。 该项目将检查（a）照片的记忆，（b）空间记忆的度量结构，以及（c）对记忆和检索理论的约束。 一系列11个实验将研究照片和其他三维空间布局的照片和其他二维投影的记忆。 这些研究的主要目标是确定场景的三维特性在该场景的照片的心理表示中编码。 此外，这些实验将确定何时在图片感知期间提取二维空间关系。 这些研究的结果将基于当前视觉感知理论。 这些理论中的许多理论都认为，从二维中给出的信息（例如，视网膜图像）中提出了深入的空间关系。 换句话说，直到感知到某些二维空间关系之前，不应提供一些三维空间关系。 该研究将在这项研究中进行测试。 第二组六个实验将研究空间表示的度量结构。 预计这些实验将表明空间记忆通常违反两个基本公理的度量（例如欧几里得）表示，节段添加性和对称性。 最终四个实验将检查启动效应的范围。 启动是指对物品（例如狮子）响应后续物品（例如Tiger）的促进作用。 记忆的几种理论预测，只有在项目直接关联时才发生启动（例如，狮虎）。 其他理论预测，即使项目通过两个或三个关联步骤分开（例如，分别是狮子条纹和鬃毛 - 分别），也会发生启动。 两个实验将对词汇（单词与非单词）决策的启动效应的范围建立限制，并在识别中建立限制，并且两个计算机模拟将评估记忆神经网络模型受到发现的限制的程度。