太行山猕猴社群的冲突管理研究

As a peculiar subspecies of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) in China, M. m. tcheliensis, referred to Taihangshan macaques, currently occurred south area of Mt. Taihangshan, where occupied the northermost region of geographical distribution of rhesus macaques worldwide. Social structure and its variation, maintainance of macaque society have long been focused by primatologists and researchers. The nonhuman primate societies usually stabilized though conflicts among individuals are commonly seen, which depends on the settlement, reconciliation, appeasement, and related conflict management. In this research, taking a free-ranging group of rhesus macaques inhabiting the Taihangshan Macaque National Nature Resreve (TMNNR), and using un-invasive methods covering behavior, ecology, and laboratory test, we intend to investigate the dominance style, conflict and post-conflict behavior and its influencing factors, to understand conflict managing strategy of rhesus macaque society and its evolutionary significance for society maintaining, to enrich the general knowledge and theory of social structure and social organization involved in socioecology; provide basic data for analyzing mechanism behind macaque society maintanance and comparative studies among different social structure of nonhuman primates. Furthermore, based on the results from this study, we also want to give theoretical support for sustainable utilization of macaque resource, and offer scientific reference for conflict management, and harmoniously and stably developing of human society.

猕猴华北亚种（Macaca mulatta tcheliensis）为中国所特有，目前仅分布于太行山南端地区-世界野生猕猴分布的北缘。作为营社会性生活的物种，猕猴的社会结构及其变化、社群稳定的维持机制是灵长类学的重要内容，长期为学者们所关注。在灵长类社群中，个体间的冲突不可避免而社群稳定仍得以维持，则冲突的解决、平息及相关的冲突管理策略在其中起着极为重要的作用。本项目拟以太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区的野生猕猴群为对象，采用非损伤性的行为学、生态学、分子生物学等宏观和微观相结合的方法，研究太行山猕猴社群的统治风格、冲突行为及其影响因素，揭示其冲突管理策略及其对社群维持的意义，丰富和完善灵长类社会组织和结构与环境关系的社会生态学理论；为分析猕猴社群稳定的维持机制、为灵长类不同社会结构的比较分析奠定基础；为猕猴资源的可持续利用提供理论支撑；为探讨人类社会的冲突管理、和谐稳定发展提供科学参考。

太行山猕猴隶于猕猴华北亚种（Macaca mulatta tcheliensis），具有以母系单元为基础的多雄多雌制社会结构。本研究的重点研究内容与结果包括：1）成年雄性太行山猕猴的社会冲突。成年雄性的冲突对象主要为成年雌性，冲突多由高等级个体向低等级个体发起；2）成年雌性太行山猕猴的社会冲突。成年雌性的冲突对象主要为成年雌性，多由高等级个体向低等级个体发起；3）太行山猕猴的攻击行为。攻击行为包括取代、威胁、追赶、抓打和咬等5种方式，冲突的强度渐次增强，故把攻击行为划为仪式化策略和实战化策略两种类型；4）群体大小对太行山猕猴竞争行为模式的影响。在群体水平上，太行山猕猴采取仪式化攻击策略；5）社会等级对太行山猕猴攻击行为的影响。群内个体间表现出严格的优势等级结构；成年个体单位时间内发生攻击行为频次与‘David得分’显著正相关，与社会等级显著负相关；成年个体单位时间内攻击行为频次在同一性别的壮年组和年长组间无显著差异，成年雄性组（壮年组+年长组）显著高于成年雌性组（壮年组+年长组）；6）太行山猕猴的冲突后行为。太行山猕猴冲突后的相互吸引对显著多于相互排斥对，其和解趋势为21.8%；太行山猕猴冲突后的友好行为集中于冲突后的前2 min；在观察期和匹配控制期，冲突后的友好行为发生时间无显著差异；太行山猕猴冲突后和解行为发起者主要为被攻击者，而和解对象则为第三方个体；冲突后和解行为以替代和解行为为主；7）太行山猕猴主要病原体流行病学调查。经检测，太行山猕猴的病原体包括细小病毒等22类；8）基于营养几何模型的太行山猕猴营养生态研究。太行山猕猴对常量营养物质的摄取采用等距离规则进行调控。其他研究内容列于报告正文中。

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