感知运动学习中反馈信息的认知机制研究

Sensorimotor learning refers to our basic ability to gradually improve motor skills based on feedback information. It is gaining popularity in the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience in recent years. Compared to other areas such as perceptual and cognitive learning, the field of sensorimotor learning is still in dire need of a systematic investigation on the role of feedback information. Using behavioral and resting-state fMRI experiments, the present investigation will build upon our past efforts and systematically study the influence of various types of feedback on sensorimotor learning. For task-relevant feedback, we categorize them into concurrent feedback, terminal feedback, and reward feedback, and study their role in the learning process, retention, generalization, perception, and transfer by using a single skill-learning paradigm. For task-irrelevant feedback, inspired by recent findings of task-irrelevant stimuli in perceptual learning, we propose that visual feedback synchronized with the action but unrelated to the goal of the action will be learned. We propose possible cognitive mechanisms and constraints of this novel learning and use a series of behavioral experiments to critically examine them. Our study not only comprehensively investigates the cognitive mechanisms of various types of feedback involved in sensorimotor learning but also aims to bridge motor learning with other areas such as cognitive decision making and perceptual learning. It promises to provide novel and systematic experimental and theoretic evidence for the underdeveloped area of sensorimotor learning and also offer essential theoretical guidance to applied areas such as skill training and motor rehabilitation.

感知运动学习是人根据反馈信息、逐步提升运动技能的基本能力，也是近年来认知心理学和神经科学的热点研究领域之一。和知觉和认知学习研究相比，目前感知运动学习领域对反馈信息的作用尚无系统的探索。在已有成果的基础上，我们使用行为学和静息态功能性磁共振实验来研究不同反馈对感知运动学习的影响机制。针对任务相关反馈，我们细分了实时反馈、终点反馈和奖赏反馈，在统一实验范式下探讨其对技能学习的进程、保持、泛化、知觉和迁移的影响。针对任务无关反馈，我们受知觉学习的非任务刺激研究启发，创新提出与运动任务目标无关的反馈会能引发学习，并用一系列行为实验对其可能的机制予以验证。本项目不仅全面地探讨了感知运动学习中涉及的各种反馈的认知机制，而且试图建立其与决策、知觉学习等领域的平行关系。项目将为方兴未艾的感知运动学习领域提供系统的实验与理论证据，并为技能训练、运动康复等应用领域的实践提供重要的理论指导。

动作学习是人类形成或提高运动技能、获取程序性知识的基本途径。它不仅是近年来认知心理学和神经科学的热点研究领域之一，对人工智能研究和医学康复研究也有重要启发意义。我们使用行为学、非侵入式脑刺激和功能性磁共振实验来研究不同感知反馈对动作学习的影响。针对任务相关反馈，我们探讨了不同类型的反馈对动作学习的进程、保持、泛化、知觉和迁移的影响。我们还用创新性的、与任务目标无关的反馈来诱发学习，并对其认知机制进行了探索。这两部分的行为学研究被应用到孤独症、截肢患者和神经性疼痛患者身上，探索了动作反馈对异质性的神经系统的影响。本项目研究在每一个研究方向上都获得了新颖的、有意义的成果，并且发表在领域内的权威期刊上（包括Journal of Neuroscience），获得了同行的高度认可。我们的研究成果表明不同反馈信息对动作学习影响有特异性的效果，即使是和任务无关的反馈也会内隐地影响人的学习和记忆。针对神经系统的特异性设计反馈信号，可以影响孤独症、神经性疼痛和截肢患者的注意、知觉和动作控制。本项目的成果为下一步的科研探索提供了扎实的基础，也为神经康复和人机交互等应用领域的实践提供重要的理论指导。

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