Impact Cratering: Processes, Products and Effects

撞击坑：过程、产品和影响

• 批准号: RGPIN-2018-06230
• 负责人: Osinski, Gordon
• 金额: $ 5.46万
• 依托单位: University of Western Ontario
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2022-01-01 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=751170
• 关键词: Impact; Cratering; Processes; Products; Effects

Impact cratering is a fundamental and ubiquitous geological process in the Solar System. It is considered the most important surface process on the Moon, Mercury, asteroids, and over large parts of the more geologically active planets of Mars and Venus. There is also growing awareness that meteorite impact events have also played an important role throughout Earth's history, shaping the geological landscape, affecting the evolution of life, and producing mineral and hydrocarbon deposits of major economic significance. This research program will further our understanding of meteorite impact events and their beneficial scientific and economic effects. This is particularly important for Canada, which draws such a huge amount of wealth from the mining within the Sudbury impact structure the richest mining district in North America. The central guiding theme of the proposed research is Meteorite Impacts - Processes, Products, and Effects. The overarching goal and long-term (5+ years) objective of my research is to investigate and to quantify the potential beneficial effects of meteorite impact events on Earth, from the generation of new, unique habitats for life to the formation of mineral deposits of economic potential. To understand these beneficial effects, the short-term (years 15) Objectives of the proposed research is to investigate three key Processes involved in the formation of meteorite impact structures, namely:Objective 1) Understand how rocks are metamorphosed and melted during impact events;Objective 2) Understand how impact ejecta is emplaced;Objective 3) Understand how hydrothermal systems within impact craters develop and evolve.This work focuses on comparative study of impact craters on the Earth, Moon and Mars, with a focus on the study of craters ~240 km in diameter within different types of target rocks and in different states of preservation. This will enable the differentiation of local effects and features of specific craters from more general features of impact craters. Fieldwork forms the foundation for this research coupled with the investigation of samples with a series of cutting-edge analytical techniques. In addition to fieldwork at the Haughton, Mistastin Lake, Ries, Rochechouart, and West Clearwater Lake impact structures, this research also capitalizes on the transfer of the Impact Crater Collection of the Geological Survey of Canada, which has recently been transferred to Western. This collection comprises ~8 km of drill core from Canadian craters as well as ~8,000 hand samples and ~3,100 thin sections from craters in Canada and from around the world. Field and laboratory observations will be synthesized through this research program to develop a generic model for the modification of an impact crater, from the development of an impact hydrothermal system, followed by sedimentary infilling and/or erosion.

撞击坑是太阳系中一个基本且普遍存在的地质过程。它被认为是月球、水星、小行星以及火星和金星等地质活跃行星的大部分地区最重要的表面过程。人们也越来越认识到，陨石撞击事件在整个地球历史上也发挥了重要作用，塑造了地质景观，影响了生命的进化，并产生了具有重大经济意义的矿产和碳氢化合物矿藏。该研究计划将进一步了解陨石撞击事件及其有益的科学和经济影响。这对加拿大来说尤其重要，因为加拿大从北美最富有的矿区萨德伯里影响结构的采矿中获取了如此巨大的财富。拟议研究的中心指导主题是陨石撞击——过程、产物和影响。我研究的总体目标和长期（5年以上）目标是调查和量化陨石撞击事件对地球的潜在有益影响，从产生新的、独特的生命栖息地到形成矿物沉积经济潜力。为了了解这些有益影响，拟议研究的短期（15 年）目标是调查陨石撞击结构形成所涉及的三个关键过程，即： 目标 1）了解岩石在撞击事件期间如何变质和熔化；目标 2) 了解撞击喷射物是如何安置的；目标 3) 了解撞击坑内的热液系统如何发展和演化。这项工作重点对地球、月球和火星上的撞击坑进行比较研究，重点研究不同类型目标岩石和不同保存状态下直径约 240 公里的陨石坑。这将使特定陨石坑的局部效应和特征与撞击坑的更一般特征区分开来。实地考察以及利用一系列尖端分析技术对样本进行研究奠定了这项研究的基础。除了在霍顿、米斯塔斯汀湖、里斯、罗什舒阿尔和西克利尔沃特湖撞击结构进行实地考察外，这项研究还利用了加拿大地质调查局最近转移到西部的撞击坑收藏。该收藏包括来自加拿大陨石坑的约 8 公里钻芯以及来自加拿大和世界各地陨石坑的约 8,000 个手工样本和约 3,100 个薄片。通过该研究计划，将综合现场和实验室观察结果，开发一个用于改造撞击坑的通用模型，从开发撞击热液系统，然后进行沉积物填充和/或侵蚀。