The efficacy of in-situ burning as a counter measure to oil spills in Arctic marine waters

就地燃烧作为北极海域漏油对策的效果

• 批准号: RGPIN-2019-05355
• 负责人: Stern, Gary
• 金额: $ 3.13万
• 依托单位: University of Manitoba
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2019-01-01 至 2020-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=688722
• 关键词: efficacy; situ; burning; counter; measure

As climate change brings reduced sea ice cover and longer ice-free summers in the Arctic, northern Canada is experiencing an increase in shipping and industrial activity in this sensitive region. Disappearing sea ice therefore makes the Arctic region susceptible to accidental releases of different types of oil and fuel pollution resulting in a pressing need for scientific knowledge to underlie regulatory policy formulation in this area.*** In situ burning (ISB) of spilled oil as an oil spill cleanup countermeasure is gaining acceptance because of its distinct advantages over other countermeasures. This technique can convert large quantities of oil into its primary combustion products, CO2 and H2O. It requires less equipment and labour and can be applied in areas such as the Arctic where many other methods cannot due to lack of response infrastructure and/or lack of alternatives.*** Burning of oil also produces dense black smoke primarily composed of black carbon (soot). These smoke particles can also contain (or be coated with) condensed organic compounds, sulphates. Burning also produces gaseous pollutants such as CO, NOX, SO2, and a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Of most concern are the more carcinogenic pyrogenically produced particle (submicron) bound multi-ring parent PAHs. This raises serious health concerns with respect to the potential for increasing concentrations of respirable particles and toxic gases from the burning of oil.*** Recent ISB studies conducted on oil sampled from the 2010 Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill, showed that the oil burning process doubled the concentrations of the polar aromatic compounds partitioning into the water phase. Using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS) subsets of these compounds were identified as being highly condensed PAHs and the potentially more hazardous oxygenated compounds. While FTICR-MS is a powerful technique for the characterization of complex mixtures such as oil (and burned oil) the instrumental limitations constrain the structural predictions that can be made regarding the chemical composition. There is a strong need, therefore, to identify the structural characteristics of these water soluble polar organic pyrogenic compounds so as to better understand the pathways of their molecular production and unambiguous structural identifications and allowing for more comprehensive toxicological studies.*** This proposed research will identify and quantify water soluble pyrogenic transformation products and atmospheric emissions of various types of fuel oils when exposed to in-situ burning under varying Arctic marine environmental scenarios. It will provide vital information needed to conduct further environmental process and toxicological studies and contribute to ISB usage policies (alone or in combination with other mitigation technologies) needed by regulatory agencies, nongovernmental and Indigenous organizations, and the private sector.**

随着气候变化带来了北极北部的海冰覆盖率减少和较长的无冰夏季，加拿大北部的航空公司正在经历该敏感地区的运输和工业活动的增加。因此，消失的海冰使北极地区容易受到不同类型的油和燃料污染的意外发行的影响，从而迫切需要科学知识以在该地区的监管政策制定基础上。该技术可以将大量的油转化为其主要燃烧产品CO2和H2O。它需要更少的设备和劳动力，可以在北极等区域应用，在这些区域中，由于缺乏响应基础设施和/或缺乏替代方案，其他许多方法无法使用。***油的燃烧还会产生主要由黑碳（烟灰）组成的浓黑烟雾。这些烟雾颗粒还可以含有（或涂有）凝结的有机化合物，硫酸盐。燃烧还会产生气态污染物，例如CO，NOX，SO2和广泛的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）。最关心的是致癌性产生的粒子（亚微米）绑定的多环母体PAH。这引起了严重的健康问题，即可能增加了燃烧油的可呼吸颗粒和有毒气体的浓度。使用这些化合物的傅立叶转化离子回旋共振质谱法（FTICR-MS）子集被确定为高度凝结的PAH，并且潜在的危险含氧化合物。虽然FTICR-MS是表征复杂混合物（例如油（和燃烧的油））的强大技术，但仪器的限制限制了可以对化学成分进行的结构预测。因此，有很大的需求，要确定这些水溶可极性有机热原化合物的结构特征，以便更好地了解其分子生产和明确的结构识别的途径，并允许更全面的毒理学研究。北极海洋环境场景。它将提供进行进一步的环境过程和毒理学研究所需的重要信息，并为监管机构，非政府和土著组织以及私营部门以及私营部门以及私营部门所需的ISB使用政策（单独或与其他缓解技术结合）做出贡献。**