Cookstove air pollution: Emission profiles and subclinical effects of exposure

炉灶空气污染：排放概况和暴露的亚临床影响

• 批准号: 9067414
• 负责人: Jennifer L Peel
• 金额: $ 56.97万
• 依托单位: COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-08-15 至 2019-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9067414
• 关键词: Accounting; Acute; Address; Aerosols; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Area; Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons; Blood Pressure; Burn injury; Carbon; Carbon Black; Cardiovascular system; Categories; Climate; Coagulation Process; Complement; Cookstove; Data; Data Set; Elbow; Environmental Health; Epidemiology; Equipment and supply inventories; Exhalation; Exposure to; Fire - disasters; Future; Gases; Health; Health Benefit; Health Hazards; Household; Human; Inflammation; International; Isocyanates; Knowledge; Laboratories; Lead; Light; Mass Spectrum Analysis; Measurement; Modeling; Motor Vehicles; Nitric Oxide; Optics; Oxidative Stress; Particulate; Petroleum; Phase; Planets; Platelet Activation; Property; Radon; Reporting; Research; Research Personnel; Risk; Risk Assessment; Sanitation; Scientific Inquiry; Smoke; Source; System; Techniques; Technology; Testing; Vent; Water; air filter; base; burden of illness; climate change; climate impact; contaminated drinking water; design; experience; exposed human population; falls; field study; global health; heart rate variability; human morbidity; human mortality; improved; indexing; insight; meetings; novel; open source; particulate pollutant; planetary Atmosphere; pollutant; programs; response; solid fuel; ultrafine particle; weather patterns

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Approximately three billion people use traditional, inefficient and poorly vented indoor cookstoves to meet basic energy needs. Exposure to air pollutant emissions from these cookstoves, experienced primarily by the world's poorest people, accounts for 4.5% of the global burden of disease. This form of combustion is also the second leading source of light-absorbing carbon in the atmosphere. To address this problem, one focus has been to develop solid-fuel combustion technologies (i.e., improved or cleaner-burning stoves) that are more fuel efficient, affordable, and less polluting. The design and dissemination of cleaner stove technologies could have the single largest benefit to human and environmental health since the emergence of distributed water/sanitation systems in the previous century. The prevailing hypothesis is that any cleaner-burning stove (relative to traditional, open fires) will improve health; however, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested. Improved stoves can vary widely in terms of pollutant emissions. This project, therefore, seeks to develop credible and representative laboratory data as a first step to test the improved stoves hypothesis and to improve our ability to address this massive threat to global health. We propose two specific aims. The first aim will develop a comprehensive profile of gaseous and particulate pollutants emitted from traditional and improved cookstoves. This aim will develop a more complete inventory of the toxic and climate-forcing pollutants emitted from residential cookstove combustion; these emissions are poorly understood and are likely different from well-characterized combustion sources (e.g., motor vehicles). This aim will provide more credible data for risk assessments and climate impact models, inform better stove design, and will aid our interpretation of health effects observed here (Aim 2) and in other studies. The emissions inventory will be made available online in an open-source format for use by researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders. The second aim is to conduct a controlled human exposure study to investigate acute, subclinical effects of exposure to emissions from prevalent cookstove technologies. We will investigate markers of cardiorespiratory health (blood pressure, heart rate variability, augmentation index, exhaled nitric oxide, and markers of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and platelet activation) in response to short-term exposures from five different stove types producing emissions that fall into various Tier categories promulgated by the International Standards Organization (ISO); several of the ISO Tier categories will result in air pollution concentrations that greatly exceed regulatory levels i the developed world. Thus, whether the introduction of improved stoves representing each of the Tiers within these newly-promulgated standards will produce meaningful health benefits is unclear. This is the first study to quantify the relationship between markers of cardiorespiratory health and exposure to a broad range of stove technologies. This research will inform future directions for stove programs while providing needed insight into the question, "How clean is clean enough?"

描述（由申请人提供）：大约有30亿人使用传统，效率低下且排气不佳的室内烹饪炉来满足基本能源需求。这些烹饪夫人的空气污染物排放量主要是全球最贫穷的人经历的，占全球疾病负担的4.5％。这种燃烧形式也是大气中吸收光碳的第二大领先来源。为了解决这个问题，一个重点是开发固体燃料燃烧技术（即改进或清洁炉灶），这些技术是更省油，负担得起且污染更少的固体燃烧技术。自上世纪分布式水/卫生系统的出现以来，清洁炉技术的设计和传播可能对人类和环境健康具有最大的好处。普遍的假设是，任何清洁燃烧的炉子（相对于传统的开火）都将改善健康。但是，该假设尚未经过严格检验。在污染物排放方面，改善的炉灶的变化可能很大。因此，该项目试图开发可信和代表性的实验室数据，作为检验改进的炉灶的第一步，可以提高我们解决对全球健康威胁的巨大威胁的能力。我们提出了两个具体目标。第一个目标将发展出从传统和改进的烹饪炉中排出的气态和微粒污染物的全面概况。这个目标将制定更完整的库存，以了解住宅库克燃烧产生的有毒和气候污染物；这些排放知之甚少，可能与特征良好的燃烧源（例如机动车）不同。该目标将为风险评估和气候影响模型提供更可靠的数据，为更好的炉灶设计提供信息，并有助于我们对这里观察到的健康效应的解释（AIM 2）和其他研究。排放库存将以开源格式在线提供，供研究人员，政策制定者和其他利益相关者使用。第二个目的是进行一项受控的人类暴露研究，以研究暴露于普遍的库克顿技术排放的急性亚临床影响。我们将研究心肺健康的标志（血压，心率变异性，增强指数，呼出的一氧化氮以及全身性炎症，氧化应激，氧化应激，凝结和血小板激活），以响应于从五个不同的stove类型中产生的五个不同炉灶类型的短期曝光，这些发射量属于各种层次类别，以置于国际标准的组织（ISO）（ISO）（ISO）（ISO）（ISO）。 ISO层类别的几个类别将导致空气污染的浓度大大超过了发达国家的监管水平。因此，是否引入了代表这些新标准中每个层次的改进的炉灶是否会产生有意义的健康益处。这是量化心肺健康标记与暴露于广泛炉灶技术的第一个研究。这项研究将为炉灶计划的未来指示提供信息，同时为“清洁如何清洁？”提供所需的洞察力。