Pathophysiology of The Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal & Gonadal Axes

下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺的病理生理学

• 批准号: 7734695
• 负责人: Tomoshige Kino
• 金额: $ 28.87万
• 依托单位: EUNICE KENNEDY SHRIVER NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 至
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7734695
• 关键词: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adenosine; Adrenal Glands; Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Androgen Antagonists; Anorexia Nervosa; Area; Aromatase Inhibitors; Autoimmune Process; Cardiovascular system; Carrier State; Cells; Circadian Rhythms; Clinical; Condition; Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Databases; Development; Disease; Enzymes; Epinephrine; Functional disorder; Generations; Genes; Glucocorticoid Receptor; Glucocorticoids; Growth; HIV-1; Height; Homeostasis; Hormones; Human; Hyperactive behavior; Hypersensitivity; Hypothalamic structure; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Mental Depression; Metabolic; Mitochondria; Molecular; Moods; Morbidity - disease rate; Muscle Cells; Mutation; Neuraxis; Numbers; Nutritional; Oral; Outcome; Ovarian; Pathogenesis; Pathway interactions; Patients; Peripheral; Phase; Physiological; Physiology; Pituitary Gland; Protein Kinase; Proteins; RNA; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptor Gene; Regulation; Resistance; Resources; Role; Sleeplessness; Steroid 21-Monooxygenase; Stress; System; Tissues; antalarmin; biological adaptation to stress; clinical application; growth arrest specific transcript 5; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; novel; preclinical study; receptor; transcription factor; uptake

We seek to advance the understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and -gonadal (HPG) axes. The roles of the stress-related hormones corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and glucocorticoids in normal and disease states are being examined, and clinical applications for these hormones and their antagonists are sought. We have demonstrated that several human states are characterized by hyperactivity or hypoactivity of the central stress system, which explains not only mood changes but also the propensity of patients with such disorders to develop developmental, metabolic, cardiovascular or autoimmune complications. We are currently performing preclinical studies with the newly discovered nonpeptide, oral, CRH type 1 receptor antagonist, antalarmin, which show that such an antagonist may be useful in a large number of states characterized by hyperactivity of the stress system, such as depression, anorexia nervosa and idiopathic insomnia. At the level of the stress system target tissues, we have elucidated the molecular pathophysiology of sporadic and familial glucocorticoid resistance by defining novel mutations and/or deletions of the glucocorticoid receptor gene leading to abnormally functioning or decreased receptors. In the same area, we have described inflammation-induced glucocorticoid resistance and glucocorticoid secretion insufficiency in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. We have also found that CLOCK/BMAL1, the self-oscillating transcription factors that generate circadian rhythms in both the central nervous system and periphery, rhythmically repressed GR-induced transcriptional activity, indicating that CLOCK/BMAL1 functions as a reverse phase negative regulator of glucocorticoid action in target tissues, possibly by antagonizing the biologic actions of diurnally fluctuating circulating glucocorticoids. Furthermore, the noncoding (nc) RNA Gas5, which accumulates in growth-arrested cells, but whose physiologic roles are not known as yet, and the adenosine 5 monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of energy homeostasis, sensing energy depletion inside the body and stimulating pathways that increase fuel uptake and save on peripheral supplies, regulated GR-induced transcriptional activity. The former accomplished this by acting as a decoy RNA GRE, the latter by phosphorylating the GR. These results indicate that the biologic actions of the HPA axis are regulated at the level of the target tissues by the nutritional state and availability of energy resources. We have determined that Vpr and Tat, two small HIV-1 accessory proteins, are potent coactivators of the glucocorticoid receptor, causing marked target tissue glucocorticoid hypersensitivity, the presence of which may explain some of the clinical features and pathogenesis of AIDS. Also, we have made advances in understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, by demonstrating that these patients have epinephrine deficiency and insulin resistance, which leads to ovarian dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities, while we have shown that treatment with androgen antagonists combined with aromatase inhibitors decreases their need for glucocorticoid therapy resulting in a better height outcome. Finally, we have demonstrated that the carrier state of the 21-hydroxylase deficiency, a common condition, is associated with significant psychiatric and physical morbidity. Recently we have initiated studies examining the participation of the mitochondria in the stress response. We have created a human mitochondrial gene database and microarray chip and have determined the major input of glucocorticoids in the regulation of the enzyme monoaminoxidase and generation of oxygen radicals in muscle cells.

我们试图促进对下丘脑 - 垂体 - 肾上腺（HPA）和 - 戈纳达（HPG）轴的生理学和病理生理学的理解。正在检查与压力相关的激素释放激素（CRH）和糖皮质激素在正常状态和疾病状态中的作用，并寻求这些激素及其拮抗剂的临床应用。我们已经证明，几个人类状态的特征是中央压力系统的多动症或过度运动，这不仅解释了情绪的变化，还解释了这种疾病患者发展发育，代谢，心血管或自身免疫并发症的倾向。我们目前正在使用新发现的非肽，口服CRH 1型受体拮抗剂Antalarin进行临床前研究，这表明这种拮抗剂可能在许多以抑郁症，厌食症，厌食性神经性和特分位病症的压力系统（例如压力系统）为特征的大量状态中有用。 在应力系统靶向组织的水平上，我们通过定义新型突变和/或缺失，导致糖皮质激素受体基因的新突变和/或缺失，从而导致异常功能或降低受体，从而阐明了零星和家族性糖皮质激素耐药的分子病理生理。在同一地区，我们描述了急性呼吸遇险综合征中炎症引起的糖皮质激素耐药性和糖皮质激素分泌不足。我们还发现，时钟/BMAL1是在中枢神经系统和周围产生昼夜节律的自我振荡转录因子，节奏抑制了GR诱导的转录活性，这表明时钟/BMAL1在靶向型物质中的反向调节剂在生物学上的反向调节剂，从而使靶向的循环作用，从而使型的循环旋转，从而在生物学上施加了旋转的作用，从而在生物方向上起作用，从而在生物方向上构成了循环的作用。糖皮质激素。此外，未编码（NC）RNA气体在生长序列的细胞中积累，但其生理作用尚不称为生理作用，而腺苷5单磷酸蛋白激活的蛋白激酶（AMPK）（AMPK）是一种能量的启动和刺激的促进式驱动力的促进式驱动力，并促进了驱动的驱动力，从GR诱导的转录活性。前者通过充当诱饵RNA GRE来实现这一目标，后者是通过磷酸化的GR来实现的。这些结果表明，HPA轴的生物学作用是通过营养状态和能源的可用性在目标组织水平上调节的。 我们已经确定VPR和TAT是两个小的HIV-1辅助蛋白，是糖皮质激素受体的有效共活化剂，导致明显的靶靶组织糖皮质激素超敏反应，其存在可能解释了某些AIDS的临床特征和病原体。另外，我们通过证明这些患者具有肾上腺素缺乏症和胰岛素抵抗，从而在理解先天性肾上腺增生的病理生理学和治疗方面取得了进步，从而导致卵巢功能障碍和代谢异常，而我们已经与Androgen拮抗剂相结合的培训降低了一位良好的治疗方法，以降低了疗程，以降低了一位疗程，以降低其良好的良好性。最后，我们已经证明了21-羟化酶缺乏症的载体状态（一种常见的疾病）与明显的精神病和身体发病率有关。最近，我们开始了研究线粒体参与压力反应的研究。我们创建了人类的线粒体基因数据库和微阵列芯片，并确定了糖皮质激素在调节酶单氨基氧化酶和肌肉细胞中氧自由基的产生中的主要输入。

项目成果

A patient with MEN 2 and multiple mutations of RET in the germline.

一名患有 MEN 2 且种系存在 RET 多重突变的患者。

• DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-11001
• 发表时间: 2000
• 期刊: Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association
• 作者: Koch,CA;Huang,SC;Vortmeyer,AO;Zhuang,Z;Chrousos,GP;Pacak,K
• 通讯作者: Pacak,K

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 accessory protein Vpr: a causative agent of the AIDS-related insulin resistance/lipodystrophy syndrome?

人类免疫缺陷病毒1型辅助蛋白Vpr：艾滋病相关胰岛素抵抗/脂肪营养不良综合征的病原体？

• DOI: 10.1196/annals.1321.013
• 发表时间: 2004
• 期刊: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: Kino,Tomoshige;Chrousos,GeorgeP
• 通讯作者: Chrousos,GeorgeP

Adrenocortical-pituitary hybrid tumor causing Cushing's syndrome.

肾上腺皮质-垂体混合肿瘤引起库欣综合征。

• DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.6.7590
• 发表时间: 2001
• 期刊: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
• 作者: Hiroi,N;Chrousos,GP;Kohn,B;Lafferty,A;Abu-Asab,M;Bonat,S;White,A;Bornstein,SR
• 通讯作者: Bornstein,SR

A novel, C-terminal dominant negative mutation of the GR causes familial glucocorticoid resistance through abnormal interactions with p160 steroid receptor coactivators.

GR 的一种新型 C 端显性失活突变通过与 p160 类固醇受体共激活剂的异常相互作用导致家族性糖皮质激素抵抗。

• DOI: 10.1210/jcem.87.6.8520
• 发表时间: 2002
• 期刊: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
• 作者: Vottero,Alessandra;Kino,Tomoshige;Combe,Herve;Lecomte,Pierre;Chrousos,GeorgeP
• 通讯作者: Chrousos,GeorgeP

Pituitary homeobox factor 1, a novel transcription factor in the adrenal regulating steroid 11beta-hydroxylase.

垂体同源盒因子 1，肾上腺调节类固醇 11β-羟化酶中的一种新型转录因子。

• DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41301
• 发表时间: 2003
• 期刊: Hormone and metabolic research. Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones et metabolisme
• 作者: Hiroi,N;Kino,T;Bassett,M;Rainey,WE;Phung,M;Abu-Asab,M;Fojo,T;Briata,P;Chrousos,GP;Bornstein,SR
• 通讯作者: Bornstein,SR