Drinking Water Quality, the Health of Older Americans, and Inequality

饮用水质量、美国老年人的健康和不平等

• 批准号: 10563581
• 负责人: Joseph Shapiro
• 金额: $ 79.94万
• 依托单位: NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-12-01 至 2027-11-30
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10563581
• 关键词: Academia; Accident and Emergency department; Admission activity; Affect; American; Area; Arsenic; Cause of Death; Censuses; Characteristics; Chronic; Chronic Disease; Color; Communities; Consumption; Costs and Benefits; County; Data; Data Set; Databases; Digit structure; Disease Progression; Disinfection; Disparity population; Distributed Systems; Education; Elderly; Electronics; Emergency department visit; Ensure; Environmental Health; Ethnic Origin; FOIA Requests; Federal Government; Freedom; Funding; Geography; Government; Health; Health Benefit; Health Status; Healthcare; Hospitalization; Household; Human; Incidence; Income; Individual; Inequality; Infrastructure; Inpatients; Intervention; Investments; Knowledge; Lead; Link; Location; Longevity; Low income; Maps; Measurement; Measures; Medical; Medicare; Outcome; Paper; Plants; Policies; Policy Maker; Pollution; Population; Poverty; Prevalence; Public Health; Quasi-experiment; Race; Reading; Records; Regulation; Reporting; Research; Research Personnel; Running; Services; Shapes; Single Parent; Statistical Models; Structure; Surface; System; Time; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Variant; Vulnerable Populations; Water; Water Pollutants; Water Pollution; Water Purification; beneficiary; burden of illness; cost; demographics; drinking water; ground water; improved; insight; mortality; pathogen; pollutant; public database; public drinking; residence; response; vulnerable community; water quality; water treatment

PROJECT SUMMARY Clean drinking water is crucial to human health and longevity. Despite enormous improvements in water treatment over the early 20th century, drinking water pollution remains a critical threat to US public health, particularly for older people and individuals with chronic conditions. In an effort to protect public health, federal regulations set drinking water quality standards and regulate the public water purification systems and pipes that carry treated water to households for human consumption. An estimated $473 billion in current national construction funding is needed to achieve compliance with drinking water standards, even as much remains unknown about how polluted drinking water affects health, especially among older Americans. Policy debates about drinking water regulations highlight the need for an improved understanding of the benefits and costs of drinking water regulations, including determining whether drinking water investments should be increased and ensuring that safe drinking water remains accessible and affordable to vulnerable communities. This project seeks to add substantially to the existing stock of knowledge about the health effects of drinking water pollution by studying the effects of large federal loans intended to upgrade drinking water treatment plants that service residential communities. By harnessing quasi-experimental variation in loan receipt, the project will examine how these loans affect drinking water pollution and how they shape short- and long-run mortality and disease burdens among older Americans. Because some loans target specific pollutants, like arsenic or pathogens, the analysis will examine the extent to which these loans specifically affect the pollutants they target and the health conditions associated with those pollutants. To enable this research, the project will compile the most complete set of records on drinking water systems linked to pollution measures based on Freedom of Information Act requests made to each of the 50 states. These data will be posted online to catalyze broader research on drinking water pollution and health. This project will combine these drinking water records with the most comprehensive individual-level health dataset—Medicare administrative data for 100% of beneficiaries—allowing for rigor, accuracy, and generalizability of findings. Beneficiary identifiers will allow us to follow individuals over time regardless of whether and where they relocate, with minimal attrition. The Medicare data provide the 9-digit zip code of residence, allowing the analysis to pinpoint the location of individuals more precisely than prior research. In addition, the analysis will examine the extent to which low-income communities and communities of color benefit equally from drinking water improvement policies, both in spending and health terms, and it will summarize the distribution of drinking water quality by household race, income, and other important demographics.

项目摘要 干净的饮用水对于人类健康和寿命至关重要。尽管水有很大改善 在20世纪初期的治疗中，饮用水污染仍然对美国公共卫生构成关键威胁， 为了保护公共卫生，联邦 法规设定饮用水质量标准并规范公共净水系统和管道 将经过处理的水携带到家庭供人类食用。目前的国家估计有4730亿美元 需要建造资金来达到饮用水标准，即使剩下的剩余 关于污染的饮用水如何影响健康，尤其是在美国老年人中，未知。政策辩论 关于饮用水法规强调需要提高人们对 饮用水法规，包括确定是否应该增加饮用水投资以及 确保安全的饮用水仍然容易获得脆弱的社区。这个项目 试图大大增加有关饮用水污染健康影响的现有知识库存 通过研究旨在升级服务的饮用水处理厂的大型联邦贷款的影响 住宅社区。通过利用准实验贷款收据的实验差异，该项目将研究如何 这些贷款影响饮用水污染以及它们如何塑造短期和长期死亡率和疾病伯恩斯 在年长的美国人中。由于某些贷款针对特定污染物，例如砷或病原体，因此分析 将研究这些贷款特别影响其针对污染物和健康状况的程度 与这些污染物相关。为了实现这项研究，该项目将编译最完整的一组 基于信息自由法的请求，与污染测量有关的饮用水系统记录 对50个州中的每个州中的每个州。这些数据将在线发布以促进对饮用水的更广泛研究 污染与健康。该项目将把这些饮用水记录与最全面的 个人级别的健康数据集 - 100％受益人的Medicare行政数据 调查结果的准确性和普遍性。受益人标识符将使我们能够随着时间的流逝关注个人 不管他们是否搬迁到哪里，都以最小的损耗。 Medicare数据提供了9位拉链 居住守则，允许分析比先前的研究更精确地指出个人的位置。 此外，分析将研究低收入社区和有色人种的程度 在支出和健康方面，饮用水改善政策同样受益，这将 总结家庭种族，收入和其他重要的饮用水质量分布 人口统计。