Information processing biases in adults who stutter: Behavioral and eye-tracking indices of threat-related attention allocation

口吃成年人的信息处理偏差：威胁相关注意力分配的行为和眼球追踪指数

• 批准号: 10731318
• 负责人: Naomi Eichorn
• 金额: $ 19.17万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-07-01 至 2026-06-30
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10731318
• 关键词: Address; Adult; Affect; American; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Attention; Attitude; Automobile Driving; Behavior; Behavioral; Belief; Categories; Characteristics; Child; Clinical; Cognitive; Data; Detection; Development; Disease; Education; Emotional; Emotions; Etiology; Foundations; Fright; Future; Goals; Individual; Individual Differences; Intervention; Intervention Studies; Joints; Knowledge; Life Experience; Link; Literature; Maintenance; Measures; Mediating; Mediation; Mental Health; Methodology; Minor; Mission; Modeling; Modification; National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; Neurodevelopmental Disorder; Occupational; Outcome; Pattern; Population; Process; Public Health; Quality of life; Reaction; Reaction Time; Research; Research Design; Risk; Risk Factors; Role; Sampling; Scanning; Shame; Shapes; Social isolation; Specificity; Stimulus; Stuttering; Surface; Symptoms; Techniques; Temperament; Thinking; Time; Training; Translational Research; Visual attention; Work; adverse outcome; attentional bias; attentional control; experience; high risk; indexing; individual response; information processing; innovation; novel; novel strategies; peer; psychologic; psychosocial; response; selective attention; social; sound; stem; success; theories; therapy design; vigilance; visual tracking

ABSTRACT Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with profound psychosocial consequences. Individuals who stutter commonly experience peer rejection, social isolation, and debilitating emotional responses to their stuttering. These hidden features of stuttering vary widely across individuals and are challenging to treat, but underlying causal mechanisms are not well-understood. The proposed project addresses this critical gap by focusing on attentional processes that may drive psychological responses to stuttering. The project draws upon the extensive literature on threat-related attention bias (AB), examining the extent to which such attentional patterns are associated with stuttering. Threat-related AB refers to preferential allocation of attention toward threatening stimuli and is a well-established finding in adults and children with clinical and subclinical anxiety. Cognitive models attribute AB to imbalances in early processes that detect threat, or late processes that modulate reactivity to threat, which manifest as faster detection of threat (vigilance), difficulty disengaging from threat (maintenance), threat avoidance, or combinations of these tendencies. AB may feed anxiety by promoting heightened sensitivity toward threat and hypervigilant scanning of environmental stimuli. Individuals who stutter show analogous anticipatory behaviors related to speaking, suggesting that similar AB patterns may underlie stuttering. The proposed project investigates threat-related AB in adults who do and do not stutter using a multi- paradigm approach that combines behavioral and eye-tracking indices of AB. The primary aim is to establish group differences in AB and identify the stage of processing at which differences emerge based on three widely- used tasks associated with different stages of information processing and AB tendencies (Aim 1). Aim 2 is to determine the extent to which threat-related AB in adults who stutter is general (consistent with anxiety) or disorder-specific (reflecting personal lived experiences of stuttering) by comparing three categories of threat stimuli representing increasing content specificity (general, stuttering-related, and personally-feared threat words). Aim 3 applies mediation analyses to examine the role of AB as a critical mediating factor between subject-level risk factors (related to temperament and attention control) and individual differences in stuttering outcomes (impact and anticipation). The project is innovative in that it applies novel conceptual and experimental approaches from AB research, uses eye-tracking methodologies that reveal dynamic attention patterns, and includes mediation analyses to clarify contributions of AB and related factors to stuttering outcomes. Results will increase our understanding of operative mechanisms shaping responses to stuttering and can provide a means to identify individuals most vulnerable to adverse stuttering impacts. The long-term goal of the project is to generate key data for future intervention studies designed to reverse AB through AB modification paradigms that train attention away from threat. The proposed research thus supports the mission of NIDCD by advancing our understanding of stuttering and providing a foundation for new approaches to its assessment and treatment.

抽象的 口吃是一种与深刻的社会心理后果相关的神经发育障碍。个人 口吃通常会经历同伴的拒绝，社会孤立和对他们的情感反应使人衰弱 口吃。口吃的这些隐藏特征在个人之间差异很大，并且具有挑战性，但是 基本的因果机制并不理解。拟议的项目解决了这一关键差距 专注于可能导致心理反应口吃的注意过程。该项目利用 有关威胁相关的注意偏见（AB）的广泛文献，研究了这种注意力的程度 模式与口吃有关。与威胁相关的AB是指优先分配注意力 威胁刺激，是成年人和患有临床和亚临床焦虑的儿童的公认发现。 认知模型将AB归因于检测威胁的早期过程中的失衡，或 调节对威胁的反应性，这表现为对威胁的更快发现（警惕），难以脱离 威胁（维护），避免威胁或这些趋势的组合。 AB可能会通过促进焦虑 对环境刺激的威胁和高度扫描的敏感性提高。口吃的人 显示与说话有关的类似的预期行为，表明类似的AB模式可能是基础的 口吃。拟议的项目调查了与威胁有关的AB，他们在使用多种多数的成年人中调查了与威胁有关的AB 范式方法结合了AB的行为和眼睛跟踪指数。主要目的是建立 AB中的群体差异并确定处理的阶段，基于三个广泛存在的差异 与信息处理和AB倾向的不同阶段相关的使用任务（AIM 1）。目标2是 确定口吃一般的成年人中与威胁有关的AB的程度（与焦虑一致）或 通过比较三类威胁，特定于疾病的特定（反映了个人生活经历） 刺激代表提高内容特异性（一般，与口吃相关的和个人刺激的威胁） 字）。 AIM 3应用调解分析，以研究AB作为关键中介因子的作用 主题级风险因素（与气质和注意力控制有关）和口吃的个体差异 结果（影响和期望）。该项目具有创新性，因为它应用了新颖的概念和实验性 AB研究的方法，使用透露动态注意力模式的眼睛追踪方法， 包括调解分析，以阐明AB及相关因素对口吃结果的贡献。结果将 提高我们对手术机制的理解，以塑造口吃的反应，并可以提供一种手段 确定最容易受到不良口吃影响的人。该项目的长期目标是 为将来的干预研究生成关键数据，旨在通过AB修改范式逆转AB 训练注意力远离威胁。因此，拟议的研究通过推进我们的 了解口吃并为其评估和治疗的新方法提供基础。