Cerebellum and Habit

小脑与习惯

• 批准号: 10391131
• 负责人: SALEEM M NICOLA
• 金额: $ 25.2万
• 依托单位: ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-06-10 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10391131
• 关键词: Affect; Alcoholism; American; Anatomy; Area; Basal Ganglia; Behavior; Behavior Disorders; Binge eating disorder; Brain; Cell Nucleus; Cerebellar Cortex; Cerebellar Nuclei; Cerebellum; Compulsive Behavior; Corpus striatum structure; Disease; Dopamine; Dorsal; Drug Addiction; Drug abuse; Environment; Etiology; Fiber; Future; Goals; Habits; Health; Impairment; Inferior; Learning; Learning Skill; Lesion; Literature; Mediating; Movement; Neurons; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Olives - dietary; Outcome; Output; Performance; Pharmacology Study; Physiological; Play; Psychological reinforcement; Rattus; Rewards; Role; Sensory; Signal Transduction; Stimulus; Structure; System; Testing; Time; addiction; base; behavioral outcome; behavioral response; clinically relevant; cognitive function; designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs; drug of abuse; experimental study; habit learning; human imaging; imaging study; insight; learned behavior; learning algorithm; learning strategy; motor behavior; motor learning; neural circuit; neuromechanism; neurophysiology; novel; relapse risk; relating to nervous system; response; sequence learning; skills; supervised learning; theories

Project Summary Much of our behavior is habitual. Habits are defined as behaviors that are initiated automatically in response to stimuli, which means that neural representations of the likely outcome of the behavior (e.g., a reward) do not control these behaviors. The neural mechanisms underlying habit learning and performance are of clinical relevance because compulsive disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and drug addiction, are likely to involve imbalances between habit and goal-directed control over behavior. The most prominent theories posit that stimulus-action associations – neural representations of the stimulus that activate the habit action – are formed as a consequence of dopamine-mediated reinforcement learning and plasticity in corticostriatal circuits. Although lesion, inactivation and pharmacology studies of the dorsal striatum support this view, there is little neurophysiological evidence that dorsal striatal neurons represent stimulus-action associations. Here, we propose a novel hypothesis: that habit learning is a form of skill learning that, like other forms of skill learning, is dependent on sensory prediction error-based plasticity in the cerebellum. Skills are action sequences that are performed rapidly and accurately. Like habits, performance of skilled action sequences does not require a neural representation of the reward outcome (although skilled action sequences can be activated by such representations). Skilled action sequence learning depends on adjusting ongoing and future actions based on the difference between the action performed and the action predicted by the immediately-preceding action or stimulus. These differences are represented as sensory prediction errors in the cerebellum and, during skill learning, cerebellar output neurons come to represent action-action and stimulus-action associations. The activity of these neurons produces accurate movements at the correct time within the sequence. We propose that connecting a stimulus to an action sequence so that the action is performed automatically after stimulus presentation – i.e., learning a stimulus-action habit – requires the same cerebellar circuitry and supervised learning algorithm as learning the action sequence itself. The proposed experiments test the strong predictions of this hypothesis that disruption of cerebellar function will disrupt the formation and performance of stimulus-action habits, and that the firing of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei will reflect the formation of stimulus-action associations. Furthermore, based on anatomical studies that show reciprocal mono- and polysynaptic connections between the cerebellum and the infralimbic cortex, a structure required for habit behavior, we will specifically investigate whether these projections contribute to habit learning and performance. Establishing a role for the cerebellum in habit learning would be consistent with a growing literature indicating that the cerebellum participates in cognitive functions far beyond motor behavior. Most importantly, demonstrating a plausible candidate cerebellar mechanism for habit learning would constitute a paradigm shift in our understanding of how habits are learned and controlled.

项目摘要 我们的大部分行为都是习惯性的。习惯被定义为自动启动的行为 刺激，这意味着行为可能结果的神经表示（例如，奖励） 控制这些行为。习惯学习和表现的神经机制是临床的 相关性是因为强迫性疾病（例如强迫症和药物成瘾）可能是 涉及习惯和对行为的目标控制之间的失衡。最杰出的理论立场 刺激行动的关联 - 激活习惯动作的刺激的神经表示 - 是 是由于多巴胺介导的增强性学习和皮质纹状体电路的可塑性而形成的。 尽管背纹状体的病变，失活和药理学研究支持了这种观点，但几乎没有 神经生理学的证据表明背纹状体神经元代表刺激性作用关联。 在这里，我们提出了一个新颖的假设：习惯学习是一种技能学习的一种形式，就像其他形式的技能一样 学习取决于小脑中的感觉预测基于错误的可塑性。技能是动作序列 快速，准确地执行。像习惯一样，熟练的动作序列的表现也不需要 奖励结果的神经元表示（尽管熟练的动作序列可以通过这种序列激活 表示）。熟练的动作序列学习取决于根据基于 执行的动作与立即预言的动作或 刺激。这些差异表示为小脑和技能期间的感官预测错误 学习，小脑输出神经元代表动作行动和刺激行动关联。这 这些神经元的活性在序列中的正确时间会产生准确的运动。我们建议 将刺激连接到动作序列，以便在刺激后自动执行动作 演示文稿（即学习刺激措施习惯）需要相同的小脑电路和监督 学习算法作为学习动作序列本身。 提出的实验测试了这种假设的有力预测，即小脑功能的破坏将会 破坏刺激行动习惯的形成和表现，并在深处发射神经元 小脑核将反映刺激行动关联的形成。此外，基于解剖学 研究表明小脑和ifralimbic之间的相互单突和多突触连接的研究 皮质是习惯行为所需的结构，我们将特别研究这些项目是否贡献 习惯学习和表现。在习惯学习中为小脑建立角色将是一致的 越来越多的文献表明小脑参与远远超出运动的认知功能 行为。最重要的是，证明一种合理的候选小脑机制用于习惯学习 我们对如何学习和控制习惯的理解构成了范式转变。