Cerebellum and Habit

小脑与习惯

• 批准号: 10391131
• 负责人: SALEEM M NICOLA
• 金额: $ 25.2万
• 依托单位: ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-06-10 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10391131
• 关键词: Affect; Alcoholism; American; Anatomy; Area; Basal Ganglia; Behavior; Behavior Disorders; Binge eating disorder; Brain; Cell Nucleus; Cerebellar Cortex; Cerebellar Nuclei; Cerebellum; Compulsive Behavior; Corpus striatum structure; Disease; Dopamine; Dorsal; Drug Addiction; Drug abuse; Environment; Etiology; Fiber; Future; Goals; Habits; Health; Impairment; Inferior; Learning; Learning Skill; Lesion; Literature; Mediating; Movement; Neurons; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Olives - dietary; Outcome; Output; Performance; Pharmacology Study; Physiological; Play; Psychological reinforcement; Rattus; Rewards; Role; Sensory; Signal Transduction; Stimulus; Structure; System; Testing; Time; addiction; base; behavioral outcome; behavioral response; clinically relevant; cognitive function; designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs; drug of abuse; experimental study; habit learning; human imaging; imaging study; insight; learned behavior; learning algorithm; learning strategy; motor behavior; motor learning; neural circuit; neuromechanism; neurophysiology; novel; relapse risk; relating to nervous system; response; sequence learning; skills; supervised learning; theories

Project Summary Much of our behavior is habitual. Habits are defined as behaviors that are initiated automatically in response to stimuli, which means that neural representations of the likely outcome of the behavior (e.g., a reward) do not control these behaviors. The neural mechanisms underlying habit learning and performance are of clinical relevance because compulsive disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and drug addiction, are likely to involve imbalances between habit and goal-directed control over behavior. The most prominent theories posit that stimulus-action associations – neural representations of the stimulus that activate the habit action – are formed as a consequence of dopamine-mediated reinforcement learning and plasticity in corticostriatal circuits. Although lesion, inactivation and pharmacology studies of the dorsal striatum support this view, there is little neurophysiological evidence that dorsal striatal neurons represent stimulus-action associations. Here, we propose a novel hypothesis: that habit learning is a form of skill learning that, like other forms of skill learning, is dependent on sensory prediction error-based plasticity in the cerebellum. Skills are action sequences that are performed rapidly and accurately. Like habits, performance of skilled action sequences does not require a neural representation of the reward outcome (although skilled action sequences can be activated by such representations). Skilled action sequence learning depends on adjusting ongoing and future actions based on the difference between the action performed and the action predicted by the immediately-preceding action or stimulus. These differences are represented as sensory prediction errors in the cerebellum and, during skill learning, cerebellar output neurons come to represent action-action and stimulus-action associations. The activity of these neurons produces accurate movements at the correct time within the sequence. We propose that connecting a stimulus to an action sequence so that the action is performed automatically after stimulus presentation – i.e., learning a stimulus-action habit – requires the same cerebellar circuitry and supervised learning algorithm as learning the action sequence itself. The proposed experiments test the strong predictions of this hypothesis that disruption of cerebellar function will disrupt the formation and performance of stimulus-action habits, and that the firing of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei will reflect the formation of stimulus-action associations. Furthermore, based on anatomical studies that show reciprocal mono- and polysynaptic connections between the cerebellum and the infralimbic cortex, a structure required for habit behavior, we will specifically investigate whether these projections contribute to habit learning and performance. Establishing a role for the cerebellum in habit learning would be consistent with a growing literature indicating that the cerebellum participates in cognitive functions far beyond motor behavior. Most importantly, demonstrating a plausible candidate cerebellar mechanism for habit learning would constitute a paradigm shift in our understanding of how habits are learned and controlled.

项目概要 我们的许多行为都是习惯性的，是为了响应而自动发起的行为。 刺激，这意味着行为的可能结果（例如奖励）的神经表征不会 控制这些行为的神经机制是习惯学习和表现的临床机制。 相关性，因为强迫症，例如强迫症和吸毒成瘾，很可能 最突出的理论认为，习惯与目标导向的行为控制之间存在不平衡。 刺激-动作关联——激活习惯动作的刺激的神经表征——是 是多巴胺介导的强化学习和皮质纹状体回路可塑性的结果。 尽管背侧纹状体的病变、失活和药理学研究支持这一观点，但很少有研究表明 神经生理学证据表明背侧纹状体神经元代表刺激-动作关联。 在这里，我们提出一个新的假设：习惯学习是技能学习的一种形式，就像其他形式的技能一样 学习，依赖于小脑中基于感觉预测误差的可塑性。技能是动作序列。 与习惯一样，执行熟练的动作序列不需要快速而准确的执行。 奖励结果的神经表征（尽管熟练的动作序列可以通过这种方式激活） 熟练的动作序列学习取决于根据情况调整正在进行的和未来的动作。 执行的动作与前一个动作预测的动作之间的差异或 这些差异表现为小脑和技能过程中的感觉预测误差。 在学习过程中，小脑输出神经元开始代表动作-动作和刺激-动作关联。 我们建议这些神经元的活动在序列中的正确时间产生准确的运动。 将刺激与动作序列连接起来，以便在刺激后自动执行该动作 呈现——即学习刺激-行动习惯——需要相同的小脑回路和监督 学习算法就像学习动作序列本身。 所提出的实验检验了这一假设的有力预测，即小脑功能的破坏将 破坏刺激动作习惯的形成和表现，以及深层神经元的放电 此外，小脑核将反映刺激-动作关联的形成。 研究表明小脑和下边缘之间存在相互的单突触和多突触连接 皮层，习惯行为所需的结构，我们将专门研究这些投射是否有助于 建立小脑在习惯学习中的作用是一致的。 越来越多的文献表明，小脑参与的认知功能远远超出了运动功能 最重要的是，展示一种看似合理的习惯学习候选小脑机制。 构成了我们对如何学习和控制习惯的理解的范式转变。