Evaluation of Masks as a Source Control NPI

口罩作为源头控制 NPI 的评估

• 批准号: 7686026
• 负责人: Donald Kirby Milton
• 金额: $ 18.5万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LOWELL
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-09-30 至 2009-09-29
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7686026
• 关键词: Evaluation; Masks; Source; Control; NPI

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We propose to fill a crucial gap in our knowledge of how influenza is transmitted by characterizing the virus aerosols generated from the respiratory tract of persons naturally infected with human influenza and concurrently determine the ability of readily available personal protective equipment (masks) to mitigate transmission of these infectious particles at the source of generation. Pandemic influenza in 1918, 1957, and 1968 produced widespread morbidity and mortality; in 1918 extensive infection resulted in disruption within communities and breakdown of essential services. Current strategies for limiting a pandemic include use of vaccines, antiviral medications, and because of the lag time for vaccine production, limited supply of antivirals, and explosive pandemic transmission, widespread application of social distancing is also anticipated. Designing effective social distancing interventions requires detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of influenza transmission. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggests that influenza is transmitted to a large degree via the airborne route. However, no definitive information is available on the size distribution or rate of infectious particle release by influenza patients, and no studies have examined how to control release or dissemination of influenza aerosols. This project addresses community mitigation and protective measures directed at the spread of influenza virus. The results of this study will have implications on simple and low tech interventions applicable in both the United States and countries in other stages of development. This project is organized around tests of the following hypotheses: (1) Exhaled breath of influenza patients contains airborne viral particles and the size and number of infectious particles is a function of respiratory maneuver (tidal breathing, talking, coughing). (2) Infectious particles have relatively large aerodynamic diameters as they exit the nose and mouth, and surgical masks worn by infected patients can capture a significant portion them. The information gathered by this project will provide a firm scientific basis for effective public health interventions that will be necessary during potential upcoming influenza pandemics to protect communities and prevent widespread economic and social disruption while limiting the spread of infection.

描述（由申请人提供）：我们建议通过表征自然感染人类流感的人呼吸道产生的病毒气溶胶，并同时确定现成的个人防护装备的能力，来填补我们在流感如何传播方面的知识空白（口罩）从产生源头减少这些传染性颗粒的传播。 1918 年、1957 年和 1968 年的大流行性流感造成了广泛的发病率和死亡率； 1918 年，广泛的感染导致社区内部混乱和基本服务崩溃。当前限制大流行的策略包括使用 疫苗、抗病毒药物，并且由于疫苗生产的滞后性、抗病毒药物的供应有限以及大流行的爆发性传播，预计社会距离的广泛应用也是如此。设计有效的社交距离干预措施需要详细了解流感传播机制。流行病学和实验证据表明，流感在很大程度上是通过空气传播途径传播的。然而，没有关于流感患者传染性颗粒释放的大小分布或速率的明确信息，也没有研究探讨如何控制流感气溶胶的释放或传播。该项目致力于针对流感病毒传播采取社区缓解和保护措施。这项研究的结果将对适用于美国和其他发展阶段国家的简单和低技术干预措施产生影响。该项目围绕以下假设的测试进行组织： (1) 流感患者的呼出气中含有空气传播的病毒颗粒，传染性颗粒的大小和数量是呼吸运动（潮式呼吸、说话、咳嗽）的函数。 (2)传染性颗粒在离开鼻子和嘴巴时具有相对较大的空气动力学直径，感染者佩戴的外科口罩可以捕获很大一部分传染性颗粒。该项目收集的信息将为有效的公共卫生干预措施提供坚实的科学基础，这些干预措施在可能即将到来的流感大流行期间是必要的，以保护社区并防止广泛的经济和社会混乱，同时限制感染的传播。

项目成果

Development and Performance Evaluation of an Exhaled-Breath Bioaerosol Collector for Influenza Virus.

• DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2012.762973
• 发表时间: 2013-01-01
• 期刊: Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research
• 作者: McDevitt JJ;Koutrakis P;Ferguson ST;Wolfson JM;Fabian MP;Martins M;Pantelic J;Milton DK
• 通讯作者: Milton DK

Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0843-2
• 发表时间: 2020-05
• 期刊: Nature medicine
• 影响因子: 82.9
• 作者: Leung NHL;Chu DKW;Shiu EYC;Chan KH;McDevitt JJ;Hau BJP;Yen HL;Li Y;Ip DKM;Peiris JSM;Seto WH;Leung GM;Milton DK;Cowling BJ
• 通讯作者: Cowling BJ