Mechanisms underlying age-based stereotype threat effects

基于年龄的刻板印象威胁效应的潜在机制

• 批准号: 10727593
• 负责人: Sarah J Barber
• 金额: $ 15.6万
• 依托单位: GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-09-15 至 2025-09-14
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10727593
• 关键词: Address; Adverse effects; Affect; Affective; Age; Ageism; Aging; Attention; Barbering; Basic Science; Behavioral Model; Clinical; Competence; Computer Models; Dementia; Dependence; Diffusion; Discrimination; Early Diagnosis; Elderly; Foundations; Future; Goals; Health; Impaired cognition; Impairment; Intervention; Intervention Studies; Investigation; Knowledge; Light; Literature; Loneliness; Memory; Mental Depression; Meta-Analysis; Modeling; Motivation; Outcome; Performance; Personal Satisfaction; Persons; Physical Performance; Physiological; Prejudice; Prevention; Process; Research; Research Personnel; Resources; Risk; Sampling; Short-Term Memory; Stereotyping; Task Performances; Testing; Theoretical model; United States National Institutes of Health; Woman; Work; age effect; brief screening; cognitive function; cognitive performance; cognitive testing; executive function; experience; healthy aging; innovation; interest; men; mild cognitive impairment; motivational processes; negative affect; performance tests; response; theories; therapy development

PROJECT SUMMARY. There are pervasive negative stereotypes about older adults’ competence, and these pose a barrier to successful aging by making older adults vulnerable to prejudice, discrimination, and stereotype threat. This project focuses specifically on the adverse effects of age-based stereotype threat (ABST). We define ABST as occurring when people are placed in situations that cause them to worry about the possibility of confirming (or being judged in light of) a negative age-based stereotype. Problematically, there is now more than two decades of research showing that when older adults experience ABST they underperform on cognitive tests, including on the tests used in clinical settings to assess for cognitive decline and dementia, and this likely contributes to an overdiagnosis of early dementia or mild cognitive impairment in older adults. ABST is also associated with poorer health, increased loneliness and depression, and greater dependency in older adults. There is a critical need to develop effective ABST interventions. In doing so, the NIH Stage Model of Behavioral Intervention Research suggests that intervention development should draw upon primary research that identifies the mechanism(s) underlying the effect of interest. Unfortunately, even though the adverse effects of ABST are well-documented and ubiquitous, there is debate about their underlying mechanisms, which poses a barrier to intervention development. Within the literature, there is currently support for two competing ABST theoretical models – namely, the executive control interference account and the regulatory focus account. In an effort to better understand ABST mechanisms, researchers have often pitted competing predictions from these two accounts against one another. However, this approach precludes the possibility that both theoretical accounts are correct, and that ABST effects occur for multiple reasons. To address this possibility, we will be the first to use a well-validated computation model (i.e., the drift diffusion model) to examine how ABST affects the component processes of older adults’ working memory performance (i.e., the domain where ABST effects occur most robustly). Within this innovative approach, predictions from the two ABST theoretical accounts do not contradict one another, and it is therefore possible to obtain support for one, or both, of them. Disentangling hypotheses from these accounts is a key strength of our approach, and this project will thus provide the most nuanced understanding to date of why ABST effects occur. Another strength of this approach is the recognition that ABST effects may not be explained by any single mechanistic account, and may instead be due to a cascade of attentional, physiological, affective, and motivational processes that together impact performance. The knowledge gained from this NIH Stage 0 (basic research) project about why ABST effects occur will directly inform future ABST intervention work. For instance, if this project’s findings support both the regulatory focus and the executive control interference accounts of ABST, then the ideal intervention should draw upon both theoretical frameworks; thus, this project sets the stage for future NIH Stage 1 intervention development.

项目摘要。关于老年人的能力有普遍的负面刻板印象，这些 通过使老年人容易受到偏见，歧视和刻板印象，构成成功衰老的障碍 威胁。该项目专门针对基于年龄的刻板印象威胁（ABST）的不利影响。我们定义 当人们置于使他们担心可能性的情况下，拒绝发生 确认（或以）为基于年龄的刻板印象（或根据）判断。有问题的是，现在有更多 二十年的研究表明，当老年人遭受认知测试的表现不佳时， 包括在临床环境中用于评估认知能力下降和痴呆的测试，这可能 导致早期痴呆症或老年人轻度认知障碍的过度诊断。弃权也是 与健康状况较差，孤独和抑郁症的增加以及老年人的依赖相关。 迫切需要制定有效的弃用干预措施。这样，NIH舞台模型 行为干预研究表明，干预开发应借鉴基础研究 这确定了感兴趣效应的基本机制。不幸的是，即使不利影响 弃权的文献良好且无处不在，关于其潜在机制存在争论， 干预开发的障碍。在文献中，目前有两个竞争的支持 理论模型 - 即执行控制干扰帐户和监管重点帐户。在 努力更好地理解弃用机制，研究人员经常从中实现相互竞争的预测 两个彼此相反的帐户。但是，这种方法排除了两个理论上的可能性 帐户是正确的，并且出于多种原因而发生侵犯效果。为了解决这种可能性，我们将是 首先使用经过良好验证的计算模型（即漂移扩散模型）来检查ABST如何影响 老年人的工作记忆表现的组件过程（即发生侵蚀效应的领域 最坚固的）。在这种创新的方法中，两个弃权的预测没有 彼此相抵触，因此有可能获得对其中一个或两者的支持。解开 这些帐户中的假设是我们方法的关键优势，因此该项目将提供最多的 迄今为止，为什么会出现侵犯效应。这种方法的另一个优势是认可 任何单个机械帐户可能不会解释侵犯效果，而是由于级联 注意力，身体，情感和动机过程，共同影响性能。 从这个NIH阶段0（基础研究）项目中获得的知识，了解为什么会发生抗效应 直接告知未来的弃用干预工作。例如，如果该项目的发现都支持监管 重点和执行控制干扰账户，那么理想的干预应借鉴 两个理论框架；因此，该项目为未来的NIH阶段1干预开发奠定了基础。