Origins of Object Knowledge

物体知识的起源

• 批准号: 7028064
• 负责人: SCOTT P JOHNSON
• 金额: $ 27.71万
• 依托单位: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-03-24 至 2011-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7028064
• 关键词: behavioral /social science research tag; behavioral habituation /sensitization; child psychology; clinical research; comprehension; experience; eye movements; human subject; infant human (0-1 year); longitudinal human study; neural information processing; video recording system; visual perception; visual stimulus

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Twelve experiments investigate the early development, in human infants, of perception of the unity of partly occluded surfaces. The experiments focus on a time during ontogeny when there may be evidence of visual sensitivity to information specifying object properties, but limited ability to perceive occlusion, with the goal of observing real-time processes by which the infant assembles visible parts of a stimulus into a coherent whole. This approach stipulates that onset of sensitivity to motion and orientation information, development of the oculomotor system, and experience viewing objects undergoing occlusion and disocclusion, play a direct, foundational role in the ontogeny of object perception. That is, there is an hypothesized period, 2 to 4 months of age, during which infants come to use newly-emerged visual skills to perceive objects accurately. The experiments follow a similar strategy: explorations of individual and group differences in both basic visual processing skills and perception of the unity of partly occluded surfaces. Infant perception is assessed with two methods: (a) recording of eye movements, to measure improvements in pickup of important visual .information, and (b) habituation/dishabituation, to ascertain perception of object unity as well as to determine the extent of sensitivity to available visual information. It is expected that the detailed analysis of individual differences afforded by this approach provide the opportunity for exceptionally sensitive measures of the emergence of visual skills and object knowledge. The short-term objectives of the present proposal are to elucidate fundamental developmental mechanisms in the context of the classic nature-nurture debate. The long-term goals are to shed light on the larger question of how knowledge is acquired and structured in the human, and how perceptual skills impact knowledge acquisition and structure. In the future, such understanding may aid in the formulation of diagnostics and treatments for some developmental disorders.

描述（由申请人提供）：十二个实验调查了人类婴儿的早期发展，对部分遮障表面的统一性感知。这些实验集中于在个体发育过程中的时间，当时可能存在对指定对象特性的信息的视觉敏感性，但感知闭塞的能力有限，目的是观察婴儿将刺激的可见部分组装成相干整体的实时过程。这种方法规定了对运动和方向信息的敏感性，动眼系统的发展以及观察受遮挡和分离的对象的经验，在对象感知的成长中起着直接的，基础的作用。也就是说，有一个假设的时期，即2至4个月大，在此期间，婴儿开始使用新出现的视觉技能来准确感知物体。实验遵循类似的策略：在基本的视觉处理技能中对个体和群体差异的探索以及部分遮挡表面的统一性的感知。用两种方法评估婴儿的感知：（a）记录眼动，以衡量重要视觉的拾取，以及（b）习惯/污点，以确定对物体统一性的看法以及确定对可用视觉信息的敏感性。可以预期，这种方法对这种方法提供的个体差异的详细分析为视觉技能和对象知识的出现非常敏感的衡量标准提供了机会。本提案的短期目标是在经典自然婚姻辩论的背景下阐明基本的发展机制。长期目标是阐明更大的问题，即在人类中如何获得和结构知识，以及感知技能如何影响知识的获取和结构。将来，这种理解可能有助于制定某些发育障碍的诊断和治疗方法。