Establishment and Durability of Reinforcing Stimuli

强化刺激的建立和持续时间

基本信息

批准号：
6855491
负责人：
ISER DELEON
金额：
$ 7.97万
依托单位：
HUGO W. MOSER RES INST KENNEDY KRIEGER
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2004
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2004-09-09 至 2006-08-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6855491
关键词：
adolescence (12-20)behavior therapy behavioral /social science research tag child behavior disorders child mental disorders child psychology clinical research cognition disorders developmental disease /disorder human subject method development middle childhood (6-11)paired stimuli preschool child (1-5)psychological reinforcement reinforcer stimulus /response therapy design /development

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The identification and use of reinforcing stimuli is a critical component in the education and treatment of individuals with severe and profound cognitive impairments. Over the past twenty years, researchers have developed sophisticated means of identifying reinforcers for these individuals. This literature also reveals that reinforcer value changes over time. Decrements in reinforcer effectiveness can result in the deterioration of interventions that are dependent on positive reinforcement, making it important to understand the variables that can influence the value and durability of reinforcers. Observations from our pilot research suggest that (1) the inclusion of stimuli as reinforcers in response-reinforcer contigencies can enhance or sustain the value of stimuli, and (2) gradual increases in the amount of effort required to earn a reinforcer can enhance its value relative to stimuli that are earned with less effort. This set of observations suggests that response-reinforcer contingency arrangements can be used to enhance the value of reinforcers, sustain the value of reinforcers, and possibly, to establish neutral stimuli as new reinforcers. These propositions will be tested in the present study. In Experiment 1, the effects of contingent delivery, contingent delivery with gradually increasing response requirements, and noncontingent delivery of stimuli on changes in the value of reinforcing stimuli will be evaluated in an effort to replicate our pilot findings. The aims of Experiment 2 are to compare the enhancement of reinforcer potency through these means with two conventional alternative means of enhancing stimulus value (respondent conditioning of neutral stimuli through stimulus-stimulus pairing and reinforced engagement of neutral stimuli). Finally, the utility of these methods in establishing therapeutically effective reinforcers will be evaluated by determining whether stimuli that are initially ineffective in displacing severe destructive behavior (e.g., self-injury) in the target population, can be used effectively in this manner following exposure to the value enhancement procedures.

描述（由申请人提供）：识别和使用加强刺激是对严重和深远认知障碍的个体的教育和治疗的关键组成部分。在过去的二十年中，研究人员开发了为这些人识别增强剂的复杂手段。该文献还揭示了增强剂的价值随时间变化。钢筋效果的降低可能导致依赖正增强的干预措施的恶化，这使得了解可能影响增强剂的价值和耐用性的变量很重要。我们的试点研究的观察结果表明，（1）将作为增强剂的刺激纳入反应 - 强制 - 强制连接性可以增强或维持刺激的价值，并且（2）（2）相对于减少努力而获得的刺激，所需的努力逐渐增加可以增强其价值。这组观察结果表明，可以使用响应强制的应急安排来增强增强剂的价值，维持增强剂的价值，并可能建立中性刺激为新的钢筋。这些命题将在本研究中进行测试。在实验1中，偶然交付的影响，随着响应要求的逐渐增加，将评估刺激的刺激对加强刺激价值的变化的非传递递送，以复制我们的飞行员发现。实验2的目的是将通过这些手段增强效力的增强与增强刺激价值的两种常规替代手段（通过刺激刺激对中性刺激的受访者调节和中性刺激的增强接合）。最后，将通过确定最初无效地将严重破坏性行为（例如自我伤害）在目标群体中置换无效的刺激来评估这些方法在建立治疗有效的增强剂方面的实用性，可以在暴露于价值增强程序后以这种方式有效地使用。