The Effectiveness of Public Policy Interventions in Reducing Racial Disparities in Drowning: Lifeguard Certification, Pool Regulations, and Swimming Instruction Programs

公共政策干预措施在减少溺水种族差异方面的有效性：救生员认证、泳池规定和游泳指导计划

• 批准号: 10647460
• 负责人: SAMUEL L MYERS
• 金额: $ 41.75万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2023-09-21 至 2025-08-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10647460
• 关键词: Accidental Injury; Accidents; Affect; Age; Alaska Native; American Indians; Behavioral; Biological; Black race; Categories; Certification; Cessation of life; Child; Code; Communities; County; Data; Data Set; Databases; Drowning; Economics; Effectiveness; Environment; Equity; Ethnic Origin; Event; Exposure to; Funding; Gender; Health Disparities Research; Health Status; Healthcare Systems; Hispanic Populations; Incentives; Individual; Industry; Inequity; Injury; Institutional Racism; Instruction; Intervention; Learning; Link; Local Government; Location; Maps; Measures; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; Not Hispanic or Latino; Oceans; Outcome; Persons; Policies; Policy Analysis; Policy Maker; Prevention; Privatization; Public Policy; Race; Regulation; Research; Reservations; Risk; Role; Safety; Source; Statutes and Laws; Structural Racism; Swimming; Swimming Pools; Testing; Tribes; United States; United States National Center for Health Statistics; Weather; Work; age group; built environment; data archive; effectiveness evaluation; health determinants; improved outcome; injury-related death; innovation; insight; mortality statistics; prevent; programs; public database; racial discrimination; racial disparity; response; school district; social culture; therapy design; young adult

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury-related death for children and young adults. Although drowning rates fell from 1.9 per 100,000 in 1999 to 1 per 100,000 in 2019 among persons under 18, wide racial gaps persisted in fatal drowning rates. In some states, the Black-White gap has nearly vanished, while it has widened among other groups, like American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Among Hispanics, drowning rates, lower nationally than those for Whites, have been rising. The response by public policymakers at the state and local levels has been to introduce an array of interventions, from free learn-to-swim programs to increased regulations of pools and lifeguards. Unfortunately, systematic evaluation of these policy interventions and assessment of the impacts these interventions may have had on racial disparities in drowning remains elusive. This project's overarching objective is to better understand which public policies to reduce drowning deaths and injuries work and for whom. This proposal examines three types of public policy interventions designed to reduce accidental deaths or injuries due to drowning and undertaken at various times and in different locations around the U.S. over the past 20 years: a) local government and school district learn-to-swim incentives, b) swimming pool standards, and c) lifeguard certification and staffing requirements in public and private facilities. To assess the effectiveness of these policy interventions, the project team will create a national database of state and local legislation, mandates, certifications, regulations, and locally funded interventions to reduce or prevent drowning. The database will be merged at the county level with the restricted-use National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) mortality data and contextual data collected from public sources from 1989 to 2019. The merged database will map separately by age, race, gender, and ethnicity, changes in the number of drownings before and after the implementation of specific types of public learn-to-swim initiatives, swimming pool regulations, or lifeguard mandates or certification requirements. By the end of the project period, the detailed list of state and local policy indicators, the contextual variables obtained from public databases, and the code for linking to the restricted NCHS data will be made publicly available through the ICPSR Data Archives. The project has three Specific Aims: (1) Characterize state and local policy interventions designed to reduce accidental deaths or injuries due to drowning by describing what was delivered to whom, where, and for how long. (2) Isolate the causal impacts of the measured public policy interventions from Aim 1 on drownings by age group, race, gender, and ethnicity. This aim will test two hypotheses: (2a) that the impacts of policy interventions differ across groups and (2b) that the interventions narrowed racial gaps in accidental deaths due to drowning. (3) Quantify the effects of structural or systemic racism on fatal drownings. This exploratory aim will estimate how many lives would have been saved had lifeguard hiring practices existed without historical barriers to entry or racial discrimination, providing insights into how systemic racism might affect racial disparities in fatal drowning rates.

项目摘要/摘要 溺水是儿童和年轻人无意间受伤死亡的主要原因。虽然 在18岁以下的人群中，溺水率从1999年的每100,000人的1.9降至2019年的每100,000 致命的溺水率持续存在。在某些州，黑白差距几乎消失了，而它具有 在其他群体中加宽，例如美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民。在西班牙裔，溺水率中， 全国比白人低的人正在上升。该州的公共政策制定者和 本地级别一直是引入一系列干预措施，从免费学习到智慧程序到增加 游泳池和救生员的规定。不幸的是，对这些政策干预措施的系统评估和 评估这些干预措施对溺水的种族差异的影响仍然难以捉摸。 该项目的总体目标是更好地了解减少溺水死亡的哪些公共政策和 伤害有效，为谁工作。该建议研究了旨在减少的三种公共政策干预措施 由于在不同时间和周围的不同地点溺水而造成的意外死亡或伤害 在过去的20年中，美国：a）地方政府和学区学习到智慧激励措施，b）游泳 池标准以及C）公共和私人设施中的救生员认证和人员配备要求。评估 这些政策干预措施的有效性，项目团队将创建国家和地方数据库 立法，授权，认证，法规和本地资助的干预措施，以减少或防止溺水。 该数据库将在县级合并到限制的国家卫生统计中心 （NCHS）从1989年至2019年收集的公共资源收集的死亡率数据和上下文数据。合并 数据库将按年龄，种族，性别和种族分别映射，溺水的数量发生变化 在实施特定类型的公众学习措施之后，游泳池法规或 救生员授权或认证要求。到项目期结束时，详细的状态清单和 本地策略指标，从公共数据库中获得的上下文变量以及链接到该的代码 受限制的NCH数据将通过ICPSR数据档案公开提供。该项目有三个 具体目的：（1）表征旨在减少意外死亡或的地方政策干预措施 通过描述向谁，何处和多长时间交付的东西，原因是溺水造成的伤害。 （2）隔离 AIM 1的公共政策干预措施对因年龄段，种族，性别， 和种族。该目标将检验两个假设：（2a）政策干预的影响在各组之间有所不同 （2b）干预措施在溺水导致的意外死亡中缩小了种族差距。 （3）量化效果 在致命溺水方面的结构性或系统性种族主义。这个探索性目标将估计会有多少生命 如果存在救生员招聘行为，则被保存了 提供有关系统性种族主义如何影响致命溺水率的种族差异的见解。