The taste of ribonucleosides: The molecular and cellular basis underlying chemosensory detection of previously unknown macronutrients

核糖核苷的味道：化学感应检测先前未知的大量营养素的分子和细胞基础

• 批准号: 10188495
• 负责人: Hubert O Amrein
• 金额: $ 37.68万
• 依托单位: TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE CTR
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-06-10 至 2025-05-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10188495
• 关键词: Adult; Agriculture; Animals; Arthropods; Behavior; Behavioral; Biology; Biomass; Carbohydrates; Cells; Characteristics; Chemicals; Chemoreceptors; Consumption; Culicidae; Dengue; Desire for food; Detection; Disease; Disease Vectors; Drosophila genus; Drosophila melanogaster; Ecosystem; Famines; Fatty acid glycerol esters; Flour; Food; Fructose; Fruit; Gene Family; Genes; Genome; Grant; Grasshoppers; Growth; Health; Hour; Human; Image; Insect Vectors; Insecta; Isoptera; Larva; Lead; Life; Ligands; Light; Macronutrients Nutrition; Malaria; Mammals; Mediating; Microbe; Modality; Molecular; Names; Neurons; Nutrient; Order Coleoptera; Pathway interactions; Pest Control; Phase; Plants; Population Control; Productivity; Property; Proteins; Public Health; RNA; Receptor Gene; Research; Research Personnel; Resources; Ribonucleosides; Ribose; Role; Sensory; Source; Structure; Structure-Activity Relationship; System; Taste Buds; Taste Perception; Temperature; Temperature Sense; Time; Treatment Cost; Vertebrates; Work; Yellow Fever; ZIKA; dietary; fitness; fly; human disease; insect disease vector; insight; interest; novel; novel strategies; rapid growth; receptor; receptor function; sensor; sugar; taste system; tool; vanilloid receptor subtype 1; vector mosquito; Adult; Agriculture; Animals; Arthropods; Behavior; Behavioral; Biology; Biomass; Carbohydrates; Cells; Characteristics; Chemicals; Chemoreceptors; Consumption; Culicidae; Dengue; Desire for food; Detection; Disease; Disease Vectors; Drosophila genus; Drosophila melanogaster; Ecosystem; Famines; Fatty acid glycerol esters; Flour; Food; Fructose; Fruit; Gene Family; Genes; Genome; Grant; Grasshoppers; Growth; Health; Hour; Human; Image; Insect Vectors; Insecta; Isoptera; Larva; Lead; Life; Ligands; Light; Macronutrients Nutrition; Malaria; Mammals; Mediating; Microbe; Modality; Molecular; Names; Neurons; Nutrient; Order Coleoptera; Pathway interactions; Pest Control; Phase; Plants; Population Control; Productivity; Property; Proteins; Public Health; RNA; Receptor Gene; Research; Research Personnel; Resources; Ribonucleosides; Ribose; Role; Sensory; Source; Structure; Structure-Activity Relationship; System; Taste Buds; Taste Perception; Temperature; Temperature Sense; Time; Treatment Cost; Vertebrates; Work; Yellow Fever; ZIKA; dietary; fitness; fly; human disease; insect disease vector; insight; interest; novel; novel strategies; rapid growth; receptor; receptor function; sensor; sugar; taste system; tool; vanilloid receptor subtype 1; vector mosquito

Insects are the most abundant class of animals, next to vertebrates. For example, the biomass of termites alone equals that of humans, the most abundant mammal. There are about 1 million named insect species and approximately another 5 million yet to be classified, compared to about 66,000 species of vertebrates. While overall beneficial to our ecosystem, some insects have considerable negative impact on human health. Disease vectors, mostly flies and mosquitoes, are major transmitter of microbes that cause devasting human diseases, including yellow fever, dengue, malaria and zika. These insect vectors kill close to a million people each year, sicken hundreds of millions more and incur billions of dollars annually in costs for treatment and lost productivity. Other insect species are agricultural pests and consume crops and fruits of cultivated plants, leading to famine in many parts of the world. In light of these facts, a better understanding of insect biology and behavior, in particular chemosensory behavior, is paramount for developing specific and effective strategies for population control of harmful pests. Drosophila melanogaster, with its array of experimental tools, is uniquely suited to uncover the basic principles underlying these behaviors. Like mammals and other insects, Drosophila depend on chemosensory systems to navigate their external world appropriately. The sense of taste is particularly important to identify food sources and avoid harmful chemicals. To assure that all essential food chemicals are consumed, insects have evolved appetitive taste receptors for the three major macronutrients, proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Intriguingly, Drosophila larvae, in contrast to adult flies, can also sense ribonucleosides and RNA in their food. These chemicals represent an essential resource required to support rapid growth and survival during the fast-growing larval stages. Larvae employ a small number of closely related taste receptors, the Gustatory Receptors (Grs) 28 to detect these chemicals. The Gr28 genes are among the most conserved insect taste receptor genes, homologs of which are found in all insect genomes, from flour beetles to honeybees to mosquitoes. These observations suggest that the Gr28 genes have a conserved role, namely to detect RNA and ribonucleosides in insects. Remarkably, some of the Gr28 genes have been implicated in temperature and light sensing, expanding their role to sensory pathways beyond taste. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the function of receptors for RNA and ribonucleosides is of considerable interest, especially because they are broadly conserved in diverse insect species, from disease vectors (mosquitoes and flies), to agricultural pests (beetles, grasshoppers) and ecologically beneficial pollinators (honeybees). Exploiting the ability of insects to sense RNA and ribonucleosides via specific taste receptors may provide new opportunities to develop strategies for control of harmful insects.

昆虫是脊椎动物旁边最丰富的动物。例如， 仅白蚁等于人类，最丰富的哺乳动物。大约有100万个名为昆虫 物种，大约还有500万个尚未分类，而约有66,000种 脊椎动物。虽然总体上对我们的生态系统有益，但一些昆虫对 人类健康。疾病载体（主要是苍蝇和蚊子）是导致微生物的主要发射器 破坏人类疾病，包括黄热病，登革热，疟疾和寨卡病毒。这些昆虫媒介杀死了关闭 每年有一百万人民，每年还要多数亿美元，每年产生数十亿美元 用于治疗和生产力失去。其他昆虫物种是农业害虫，食用农作物和水果 耕种的植物，导致世界许多地方饥荒。鉴于这些事实，更好 了解昆虫生物学和行为，特别是化学感应行为，至关重要 制定特定有效的有害害虫控制的策略。 果蝇Melanogaster拥有一系列实验工具，非常适合揭露基本 这些行为的原则。像哺乳动物和其他昆虫一样，果蝇依靠 化学感应系统适当地导航其外部世界。味道特别是 重要的是识别食物来源并避免有害化学物质。确保所有必需的食物化学品 被消耗，昆虫已经进化了三种主要的大量营养素，蛋白质的食欲受体 碳水化合物和脂肪。有趣的是，果蝇幼虫与成年苍蝇相反，也可以感觉到 食物中的核糖核苷和RNA。这些化学物质代表了支持所需的重要资源 快速生长的幼体阶段的快速生长和生存。幼虫使用少量密切 相关的味觉受体，味觉受体（GRS）28检测这些化学物质。 GR28基因是 在最保守的昆虫味道受体基因中，在所有昆虫基因组中都发现了同源物， 从面粉甲虫到蜜蜂再到蚊子。这些观察结果表明GR28基因具有 保守的作用，即检测昆虫中的RNA和核糖核苷。值得注意的是，一些GR28基因 已经与温度和光感应有关，将它们的作用扩展到超越的感觉途径 品尝。因此，对RNA和核糖核苷受体功能的功能的深入了解是 尤其是因为它们在多种昆虫物种中广泛保守，从 疾病载体（蚊子和果蝇），用于农业害虫（甲虫，蚱hoppers）和生态学上 有益的授粉媒介（Honeybees）。利用昆虫通过通过 特定的味觉受体可能会为制定控制有害昆虫的策略提供新的机会。