Exposure to Insecticides and Child Growth and Pubertal Development in a South African Population Exposed Through Indoor Residual Spraying

通过室内残留喷洒接触杀虫剂的南非人群的儿童生长和青春期发育

• 批准号: 9715534
• 负责人: Jonathan Chevrier
• 金额: $ 44.15万
• 依托单位: MCGILL UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-11-22 至 2025-10-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9715534
• 关键词: 2 year old; Acceleration; Address; Adult; Africa; African; Age; Androgen Antagonists; Animals; Area; Biological Markers; Birth; Body Composition; Body fat; Body measure procedure; Child; Child Development; Childhood Overweight; China; Clinical; Cohort Studies; Community Networks; Complex; Country; Data; Delayed Puberty; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Development; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; Diet; Dose; Endocrine; Endocrine Disruptors; Energy Intake; Environmental Estrogen; Epidemiology; Estradiol; Exposure to; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Growth; HIV; Health; High Prevalence; Hormones; Human; Income; Individual; Infection; Insecticides; International; Knowledge; Leptin; Luteinizing Hormone; Malaria; Malignant Neoplasms; Malnutrition; Measurement; Measures; Mental disorders; Metabolic syndrome; Methods; Modeling; Obesity; Overweight; Physical activity; Play; Policy Maker; Population; Poverty; Pregnancy; Preschool Child; Prevalence; Property; Puberty; Reporting; Research Infrastructure; Residual state; Rodent; Role; Rural; Sampling; Serum; Skinfold Thickness; South Africa; South African; Southern Africa; Testosterone; Trichloroethanes; United Nations; Urine; Weight; World Health Organization; aged; androgenic; base; boys; chlorohydrocarbon insecticide; cohort; early onset; estrogenic; experience; girls; high risk sexual behavior; human data; low and middle-income countries; male; obesity in children; obesogenic; postnatal; prenatal exposure; programs; public health relevance; pyrethroid; reproductive; residence; trend

7. PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Since 1980, the global prevalence of overweight and obesity increased by 27.5% in adults and by 47.1% in children. Although rates appear to have tapered off over recent years in many developed countries, steady increases continue to be reported in developing countries, most particularly in Africa. Between 1990 and 2010, the number of overweight and obese children doubled in Africa and in 2017, the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity among young children was found in the Southern Africa U.N region. In South Africa’s Vhembe district, the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity increased by a factor of 2.7 between 2008 and 2015, reaching 40%. Concomitantly, earlier onset of puberty has been observed globally and it has been suggested that increasing trends in obesity prevalence may play a role. Although changes in diet and physical activity likely influence these trends, growing evidence suggests that exposure to chemicals that disrupt endocrine function may be a factor. A total of 88 countries practice Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), the use insecticides on the interior walls of residences to control malaria, resulting in high exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and pyrethroids. DDT, a known environmental estrogen, increases body fat and advances puberty in female rodents while DDT’s breakdown product dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE), an antiandrogen, delays puberty in males. Few human studies have investigated associations between DDT exposure and body composition or pubertal onset but studies of DDE found relations with delayed puberty in boys and our preliminary studies suggest that DDE is obesogenic in South African girls. Animal studies show that pyrethroids, which are androgenic, delay puberty onset in females and accelerate puberty in males but this question has only been studied by one group in China. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the impact of exposure to DDT or pyrethroids on body composition, pubertal onset or endocrine function in peripubertal African children. We propose to address these important knowledge gaps by extending a unique birth cohort study of rural South African children with extensive data on health, exposure and confounders, rich research infrastructure and strong community networks. We aim to identify the levels and determinants of exposure to DDT/E and pyrethroids among children aged 7 to 10 and determine whether pre- and postnatal exposure to these insecticides is associated with: 1) altered body composition, 2) puberty timing and tempo, and 3) hormone levels. This study will provide policy-makers with data to better understand the determinants of the dramatic rise in obesity and the acceleration of puberty in South Africa and other developing countries. It will also provide essential information on the potential unintended consequences of IRS to malaria-endemic countries and international bodies so that they can determine the safest and most sustainable methods to control malaria.

7. 项目概要/摘要 自 1980 年以来，全球成人超重和肥胖患病率增加了 27.5%，儿童超重和肥胖患病率增加了 47.1%。 尽管近年来许多发达国家的发病率似乎有所下降，但仍保持稳定。 1990 年至 2010 年间，发展中国家，尤其是非洲，持续出现增长。 非洲超重和肥胖儿童的数量翻了一番，2017 年，超重和肥胖儿童的患病率最高 南非联合国地区发现幼儿超重和肥胖。 Vhembe 地区，2008 年儿童超重和肥胖患病率增加了 2.7 倍 2015 年，全球青春期提前发生的比例达到 40%。 表明肥胖患病率的上升趋势可能发挥了作用，尽管饮食和身体的变化。 活动可能会影响这些趋势，越来越多的证据表明，接触破坏的化学物质 内分泌功能可能是一个因素。 共有 88 个国家实行室内滞留喷洒 (IRS)，即在室内墙壁上使用杀虫剂 控制疟疾的住所，导致大量接触内分泌干扰化学物质，例如 二氯二苯三氯乙烷 (DDT) 和拟除虫菊酯（一种已知的环境雌激素）会增加。 体内脂肪并促进雌性啮齿动物的青春期，而滴滴涕的分解产物二氯二苯 二氯乙烯（DDE）是一种抗雄激素，它会延迟男性的青春期，但很少有人类研究对此进行过调查。 DDT 暴露与身体成分或青春期但 DDE 发病研究之间存在关联 与男孩青春期延迟的关系，我们的初步研究表明 DDE 在南方有致肥胖作用 非洲女孩。动物研究表明，具有雄激素作用的拟除虫菊酯会延迟女性和女性的青春期开始。 加速男性青春期，但这个问题只有中国的一个研究小组进行过研究。 据我们所知，尚无研究调查接触 DDT 或拟除虫菊酯对身体的影响 我们建议解决青春期前非洲儿童的成分、青春期开始或内分泌功能问题。 通过对南非农村儿童进行独特的出生队列研究，弥补了这些重要的知识差距 有关健康、暴露和混杂因素的广泛数据、丰富的研究基础设施和强大的社区 我们的目标是确定接触 DDT/E 和拟除虫菊酯的水平和决定因素。 7 至 10 岁的儿童，并确定产前和产后接触这些杀虫剂是否相关 包括：1) 身体成分改变，2) 青春期时间和节奏，以及 3) 激素水平。 这项研究将为政策制定者提供数据，以更好地了解人口急剧增长的决定因素。 南非和其他发展中国家的肥胖和青春期加速也将提供帮助。 有关 IRS 对疟疾流行国家潜在的意外后果的重要信息，以及 国际机构，以便他们能够确定控制疟疾的最安全和最可持续的方法。