Developing measures to study how structural interventions may affect HIV risk

制定措施来研究结构性干预措施如何影响艾滋病毒风险

基本信息

批准号：
8454523
负责人：
SAMUEL R FRIEDMAN
金额：
$ 45.52万
依托单位：
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES, INC.
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2011-07-01 至 2016-04-30
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8454523
关键词：
Address Affect African American Ally Area Behavior Behavior Therapy Behavioral Boxing Characteristics Communication Country Data Development Disease Drug usage Drug user Economics Empirical Research Environment Epidemic Epidemiology Ethnography Event Focus Groups HIV HIV Infections HIV risk HIV/STD Heterosexuals Homeless persons Homelessness Housing Incidence Individual Indonesia Infection Injecting drug user Injection of therapeutic agent Intervention Interview Laws Lead Learning Literature Measurement Measures Mediating Monitor New York City Outcome Paper Pathway interactions Personality Persons Pharmaceutical Preparations Policies Population Population Distributions Populations at Risk Prevention Prevention Research Probability Process Property Psychometrics Public Health Questionnaires Reaction Research Research Personnel Research Subjects Risk Risk Behaviors Risk Factors Russia Sampling Sex Behavior Social Change Social Characteristics Social Environment Social Policies South Africa Structure Surveys Testing United States Vaccines War Work authority base economic impact effective intervention high risk injection drug use innovation meetings men who have sex with men microbicide prevent programs racism segregation sex social social norm socioeconomics success theories tool transmission process

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): In spite of all prevention efforts, 56,000 new HIV infections take place in the USA each year. Leaders in the field are calling for "structural" or "social" interventions that affect the risk environments, networks and social norms that influence risk behaviors and/or the probability that an HIV uninfected person will engage in sex or drug injection with an infected person. Developing structural interventions that work will be difficult and will require considerable research. As has been the case with HIV behavioral interventions, vaccine trials and microbicide research, initial structural intervention efforts are likely to meet only partial success (if that). In order to learn from these trials, it is essential to be able to measure the pathways that connect the target of the intervention-typically, a law, an organizational characteristic, or a social program such as housing provision- to changes in behaviors, risk environments or risk networks and then to STI or HIV incidence. This project aims to develop reliable and valid measures of important intermediate pathways between upstream changes or interventions and the immediate causes of infection. These pathways will include a. individuals' perceived immediate social environments; b. how individuals' lives are structured in ways that might affect how they react to changes in their environments; and c. how individuals react to normative influence from others in their environments (and the norms they develop as a result). The specific aims of the project are to develop these measures; to assess their reliability and concurrent criterion validity; and then to describe the distributions of these variables among reasonably representative samples of injection drug users, high-risk heterosexuals, and men who have sex with men in New York City (the epicenter of the US HIV epidemic). We will do this by using ethnographic approaches to develop the measures; and then by surveying 290 injection drug users, 290 high-risk heterosexuals, and 290 men who have sex with men to describe their psychometric properties and their population distributions. We will make these measures available to researchers in the USA and globally so they can use them - perhaps in modified culturally competent form for other countries - to develop and evaluate structural interventions; and, in an allied research area - to understand how large-scale social changes like wars or large-scale socioeconomic changes sometimes do and sometimes do not lead to HIV epidemics.

描述（由申请人提供）：尽管采取了各种预防措施，美国每年仍会发生 56,000 例新的 HIV 感染。该领域的领导者呼吁采取“结构性”或“社会”干预措施，以影响风险环境、网络和社会规范，从而影响风险行为和/或未感染艾滋病毒的人与感染者发生性行为或注射毒品的可能性。制定有效的结构性干预措施将很困难，并且需要进行大量研究。正如艾滋病毒行为干预、疫苗试验和杀菌剂研究的情况一样，最初的结构性干预努力可能只会取得部分成功（如果是的话）。为了从这些试验中学习，必须能够衡量将干预目标（通常是法律、组织特征或住房供应等社会计划）与行为、风险变化联系起来的途径。环境或风险网络，然后是性传播感染或艾滋病毒的发病率。该项目旨在针对上游变化或干预措施与感染的直接原因之间的重要中间途径制定可靠且有效的措施。这些途径将包括：个人感知的直接社会环境； b.个人的生活结构如何可能影响他们对环境变化的反应；和c。个人如何应对环境中其他人的规范影响（以及他们由此形成的规范）。该项目的具体目标是制定这些措施；评估其可靠性和同时标准的有效性；然后描述这些变量在纽约市（美国艾滋病流行中心）的注射吸毒者、高危异性恋者和男同性恋者的合理代表性样本中的分布。我们将通过使用人种学方法来制定措施来做到这一点；然后通过调查 290 名注射吸毒者、290 名高危异性恋者和 290 名男男性行为者来描述他们的心理特征及其人口分布。我们将向美国和全球的研究人员提供这些措施，以便他们能够使用它们（也许以适合其他国家的文化上经过修改的形式）来开发和评估结构性干预措施；在联合研究领域，了解战争或大规模社会经济变化等大规模社会变革有时会导致艾滋病毒流行，有时不会导致艾滋病毒流行。