Alcohol, Habit and the Failure of Behavioral Control

酒精、习惯和行为控制失败

基本信息

批准号：
8274321
负责人：
BERNARD W BALLEINE
金额：
$ 19.69万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2008-09-30 至 2014-05-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8274321
关键词：
Affect Alcoholism Alcohols Amygdaloid structure Animals Area Automobile Driving Behavior Behavior Control Behavioral Binding Brain region Cell Nucleus Cognitive Corpus striatum structure Coupled Cues Decision Making Development Dorsal Drug Exposure Ethanol Failure Feedback Goals Habits Incentives Infusion procedures Injection of therapeutic agent Internal-External Control Learning Medial Mediating Microdialysis Monitor Motivation Nucleus Accumbens Operant Conditioning Outcome Performance Peripheral Pharmaceutical Preparations Prefrontal Cortex Procedures Process Protocols documentation Psychological reinforcement Punishment Rattus Research Resources Rewards Role Signal Transduction Stimulus System Testing Thalamic structure Ventral Striatum Walking addiction alcohol effect alcohol exposure alcohol seeking behavior base design drinking drug of abuse executive function habit learning neurochemistry public health relevance relating to nervous system response stem theories

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): During the development of addiction, the pursuit of drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, becomes progressively less goal-directed and progressively more habitual coming under the control of internal and external states and stimuli. Understandably, therefore, recent theory and research on alcoholism has started to focus on the habit learning process and its behavioral and neural bases. It is important, however, to distinguish habitual drug-seeking from other forms of habitual behavior. Under normal conditions, habit learning can be highly adaptive; habits allow us and other animals to relegate the control of routine behavioral responses to a system that uses few cognitive resources freeing up this limited capacity for tasks that need greater monitoring. Unlike goal-directed actions that are quickly acquired and flexibly deployed, habits are usually slowly acquired, stimulus-bound and inflexible. Nevertheless, their deployment can be rapidly suppressed when conditions change. Driving, cycling, even walking would be very dangerous activities if we couldn't quickly and reliably suppress these habits as and when circumstances change to navigate around an obstacle. In contrast, habitual drug seeking is pathological; drug exposure appears both to increase the rate of habit acquisition and the influence of drug associated contexts and cues on their performance. Furthermore, despite the heavy emphasis on habit processes in current research, a distinguishing feature of habitual drug seeking is the addicts' loss of executive and behavioral control over the habit; drug seeking persists even in the face of severe negative consequences. The compulsive pursuit of alcohol can be viewed, therefore, as the product of two interacting processes: (i) an alcohol-induced increment in the acquisition of habitual alcohol seeking and (ii) an alcohol-induced decrement in the addict's ability to exert control over the habit in the face of persistent, sometimes extreme negative feedback. It is important to recognize, however, that these effects of alcohol exposure extend beyond alcohol seeking and appear to have an effect on decision-making and adaptive behavioral control more generally. It is likely, therefore, that alcohol exposure produces extensive changes in the larger neural systems that control the acquisition and performance of goal-directed and habitual actions. Given these considerations, the broad objective of the current project is to assess the effect of alcohol exposure on the behavioral and neural determinants of (i) goal directed learning, (ii) habit learning and (iii) the processes that control the degree to which these learning processes are implemented in performance. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The transition from casual drinking to compulsive alcohol seeking may stem from alcohol's tendency to disrupt the cognitive and behavioral processes that guide action selection and decision making more generally. In instrumental conditioning, the behavioral processes, and the corresponding neural systems, responsible for goal-directed action selection and habitual performance have been relatively well characterized. The broad, long-term objective of the current project is, therefore, to investigate how exposure to alcohol affects the neural systems that control goal-directed and habitual instrumental learning processes.

描述（由申请人提供）：在成瘾发展期间，对滥用药物（例如酒精）的追求逐渐被逐渐以目标为导向，并且逐渐受到内在和外部状态和刺激的控制。因此，可以理解的是，关于酒精中毒的最新理论和研究已经开始关注习惯学习过程及其行为和神经基础。但是，重要的是要区分寻求毒品的毒品与其他形式的习惯行为。在正常情况下，习惯学习可以具有很高的适应性。习惯使我们和其他动物能够将常规行为响应的控制权降级到使用很少的认知资源的系统，从而释放了需要更大监测的任务的有限能力。与迅速获得并灵活地部署的目标指导的动作不同，习惯通常会缓慢地获得，刺激结合和僵化。然而，当条件变化时，他们的部署可以迅速抑制。如果我们不能快速，可靠地抑制这些习惯在情况发生变化以绕障碍物导航时，驾驶，骑自行车甚至步行也是非常危险的活动。相比之下，习惯性药物是病态的。药物暴露似乎增加了习惯获取率，又增加了与药物相关的环境的影响以及提示其性能的影响。此外，尽管在当前研究中非常重视习惯过程，但寻求习惯性毒品的显着特征是瘾君子失去了执行人员和对习惯的行为控制。即使面对严重的负面后果，寻求毒品仍然存在。因此，可以将强迫性追求视为两个相互作用过程的产物：（i）饮酒引起的习惯性寻求习惯性酒精的增量，以及（ii）酗酒引起的成瘾者能够降低对依次的习惯能力，在持久的持久负面反馈中对习惯施加对习惯的控制能力。但是，重要的是要认识到，酒精暴露的这些影响范围超出了酒精的寻求，似乎对决策和适应性行为控制产生了影响。因此，酒精暴露可能会在控制目标定向和习惯性动作的获取和性能的较大神经系统中产生广泛的变化。考虑到这些考虑，当前项目的广泛目标是评估酒精暴露对（i）目标定向学习，（ii）习惯学习和（iii）控制这些学习过程在绩效中实施这些学习程度的过程。公共卫生相关性：从休闲饮酒到强迫性酒精的过渡可能是由于酒精倾向于破坏引导行动选择和决策制定的认知和行为过程的趋势。在工具条件下，行为过程和相应的神经系统负责目标指导的行动选择和习惯性能的表征相对较好。因此，当前项目的广泛，长期目标是研究酒精的暴露如何影响控制目标指导和习惯性工具学习过程的神经系统。