EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON EMPATHY

同理心的进化视角

• 批准号: 8357381
• 负责人: FRANS DE WAAL
• 金额: $ 3.29万
• 依托单位: EMORY UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-08-01 至 2012-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8357381
• 关键词: Animals; Behavior; Companions; Conflict (Psychology); Empathy; Female; Funding; Grant; Human; Life; National Center for Research Resources; Pan Genus; Pan paniscus; Paper; Primates; Principal Investigator; Proxy; Publications; Publishing; Research; Research Infrastructure; Resources; Sex Bias; Source; United States National Institutes of Health; Yawning; arm; autistic children; clay; contagion; cost; fighting; injured; male; programs

This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. Primary support for the subproject and the subproject's principal investigator may have been provided by other sources, including other NIH sources. The Total Cost listed for the subproject likely represents the estimated amount of Center infrastructure utilized by the subproject, not direct funding provided by the NCRR grant to the subproject or subproject staff. If another chimpanzee has been hurt in a fight, chimpanzees tend to approach them, and put an arm around them. This is known as consolation behavior. They also show targeted helping in which they provide others with assistance they need, such as supporting an injured companion. We have set up a research program to study expressions of empathy on two levels: a) spontaneous expressions that we can observe in the chimpanzee's group life, and b) experimental situations in which we use contagious behavior as a proxy of empathy (because in humans such behaviors correlate with empathy, and are for example largely absent in autistic children). Over the last year, these two projects have resulted in five publications. The yawn contagion study has provided evidence that contagion is stronger with videos of in-group than the out-group, which is consistent with the empathy hypothesis (as empathy in both humans and other animals tends to be in-group biased). The studies of post-conflict behavior also support the empathy hypothesis, especially a paper just published in PNAS (first author: Romero), which shows a sex bias similar to that in humans (i.e. females shoring more empathy than males). We are further adding observations of bonobo behavior at a Kinshasa sanctuary on consolation behavior, a project led by Dr. Zanna Clay.

该子项目是利用资源的众多研究子项目之一 由 NIH/NCRR 资助的中心拨款提供。子项目的主要支持 并且子项目的首席研究员可能是由其他来源提供的， 包括其他 NIH 来源。 子项目可能列出的总成本 代表子项目使用的中心基础设施的估计数量， NCRR 赠款不直接向子项目或子项目工作人员提供资金。 如果另一只黑猩猩在打斗中受伤，黑猩猩往往会接近它们，并用手臂搂住它们。这被称为安慰行为。他们还表现出有针对性的帮助，为他人提供所需的帮助，例如支持受伤的同伴。 我们设立了一个研究计划，在两个层面上研究同理心的表达：a）我们可以在黑猩猩的群体生活中观察到的自发表达，b）我们使用传染性行为作为同理心代理的实验情况（因为在人类中）这种行为与同理心相关，例如自闭症儿童中基本上不存在这种行为）。去年，这两个项目发表了五篇出版物。哈欠传染研究提供的证据表明，内群体视频的传染性比外群体视频更强，这与同理心假设一致（因为人类和其他动物的同理心往往存在内群体偏见）。对冲突后行为的研究也支持共情假说，尤其是刚刚发表在 PNAS 上的一篇论文（第一作者：Romero），该论文显示出与人类相似的性别偏见（即女性比男性更支持共情）。我们正在进一步增加对金沙萨保护区倭黑猩猩安慰行为的观察，这是 Zanna Clay 博士领导的一个项目。