The Emergence of Self-Control: Comparative Beh. and Neurobiological Assessments

自我控制的出现：比较行为。

• 批准号: 7813292
• 负责人: Michael J Beran
• 金额: $ 10.19万
• 依托单位: GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-12-01 至 2014-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7813292
• 关键词: Accounting; Adaptive Behaviors; Adult; Affect; Age; Animal Testing; Animals; Anterior; Area; Attention; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Behavior; Behavioral; Behavioral inhibition; Biological; Brain; Brain region; Capuchin Monkey; Characteristics; Cognitive; Complex; Decision Making; Development; Drug usage; Eating; Evaluation; Exercise; Exertion; Failure; Food; Future; Gambling; Genetic; Goals; Habits; Health; Human; Hyperphagia; Impulsivity; Individual; Individual Differences; Informal Social Control; Language; Linguistics; Link; Literature; Macaca; Macaca mulatta; Maintenance; Measures; Memory; Modeling; Monitor; Monkeys; Morality; Motivation; Muscle; Neurobiology; Organism; Outcome; Pan Genus; Partner in relationship; Patients; Performance; Phylogenetic Analysis; Physical aggression; Play; Pongidae; Prefrontal Cortex; Primates; Process; Research; Resources; Rewards; Role; Satiation; Self-control as a personality trait; Smoking; Social Interaction; Societies; Source; Stimulus; Symptoms; Testing; Time; Uncertainty; base; cingulate cortex; cognitive control; comparative; cost; design; directed attention; discounting; exhaust; experience; high risk sexual behavior; improved; insight; interest; juvenile animal; mature animal; nonhuman primate; response; restraint; social; species difference; trend

A comparative perspective offers an excellent means for understanding the basic mechanisms of self-control. In comparison to human studies, animal studies offer higher levels of control over environmental aspects such as satiation and motivation and allow greater opportunity for repeated testing over time. In addition, animal studies allow for self-control assessments distinct from other cognitive and social capacities that are universal in humans (e.g., language and cultural influences). Although our initial task is to demonstrate that nonhuman animals can regulate their impulsive tendencies, our ultimate goal is to determine how that happens. What does the organism do to assert self-control? How is attention directed, and what behavioral strategies are efficient in supporting self-control? What role does the behavior of other animals play in self-control and can changes in social situations improve self-control? Are self-control capacities a limited resource (like aspects of memory or even muscle exertion)? What brain regions support inhibitory processes in these animals, and do they match those found in humans? [Finally, how does development interact with each of these questions?] The significance of these studies is a better understanding of why self-control fails, how such failures are linked to environmental and biological influences, and what strategies might be used to improve self-control in situations in which impulsivity is the likely response of the organism. The consequences of self-control failures cannot be overstated. Overeating, drug use, risky sexual behavior, compulsive gambling, and physical aggression all occur because of a lack of behavioral restraint, and they have direct negative effects on health, wellbeing, and society. All of these behaviors result from short-sightedness in evaluating outcomes, a central feature of impulsivity. The well-established literature on delay discounting indicates clearly that animals (including humans) typically value things nearer in time while devaluing those further in the future (e.g., Estle et al., 2007; Green et al., 2004; Kagel et al., 1986; Logue, 1988; Odum & Rainuad, 2003). Of course, in some instances short-term interests should be valued at a premium given uncertainty about the future. Never knowing when one would next encounter a plentiful food source or an opportunity to mate meant that activities available here and now were highly valued. However, with the development of future-oriented processes such as planning, and the emergence of accurate memories of past opportunities taken and avoided, organisms could anticipate the likelihood of better future rewards and the cost of taking or avoiding current rewards.

比较视角为理解自我控制的基本机制提供了极好的方法。 与人类研究相比，动物研究对环境因素提供了更高水平的控制，例如 作为满足感和动力，并为随着时间的推移提供更多重复测试的机会。此外，动物 研究允许进行与其他普遍认知和社会能力不同的自我控制评估 人类（例如语言和文化影响）。尽管我们最初的任务是证明非人类 动物可以调节自己的冲动倾向，我们的最终目标是确定这是如何发生的。什么 有机体会做什么来维护自我控制？注意力如何被引导，以及行为策略是什么 有效支持自我控制？其他动物的行为在自我控制中起什么作用？ 社交场合的变化会提高自我控制力吗？自控能力是一种有限的资源吗（比如 记忆甚至肌肉发挥）？哪些大脑区域支持这些动物的抑制过程，并发挥作用 它们与人类中发现的相符吗？ [最后，开发如何与这些问题相互作用？] 这些研究的意义在于更好地理解自我控制失败的原因以及这些失败之间的关系 环境和生物影响，以及可以使用哪些策略来提高自我控制能力 在这种情况下，冲动是有机体可能的反应。自控失败的后果 无论如何强调都不为过。暴饮暴食、吸毒、危险性行为、强迫性赌博和身体活动 攻击行为都是由于缺乏行为约束而发生的，它们对健康有直接的负面影响， 福祉和社会。所有这些行为都是由于评估结果时的短视造成的，这是一个核心问题。 冲动的特点。关于延迟折扣的成熟文献清楚地表明，动物 （包括人类）通常重视较近时间的事物，同时贬低未来较远的事物（例如，Estle 等） 等人，2007 年；格林等人，2004；卡格尔等人，1986；罗格，1988；奥杜姆和瑞努阿德，2003）。当然，在一些 考虑到未来的不确定性，短期利益的估值应溢价。绝不 知道下一次何时会遇到充足的食物来源或交配机会意味着活动 此时此地可用的产品受到高度重视。然而，随着面向未来的流程的发展，例如 随着计划的出现，以及对过去采取和避免的机会的准确记忆的出现，生物体 可以预测未来更好的奖励的可能性以及接受或避免当前奖励的成本。