Postcolonial Approaches to the Hoplite Debate: Warfare, Politics, and Identity in Ionia and Lycia

重装步兵辩论的后殖民方法：爱奥尼亚和利西亚的战争、政治和身份

• 批准号: 2885574
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Liverpool
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2885574
• 关键词: Postcolonial; Approaches; Hoplite; Debate; Warfare

Scholarship has long debated the emergence of the Greek heavy infantryman (hoplite) and his connection with the rise of the city-state (polis) from c.700 B.C. This so-called 'Hoplite Debate' became heavily politicised during the Twentieth Century, with scholarship using it as a vehicle to present entrenched political positions (Marxism, neoliberalism, neoconservatism). In response to these oppositional and extreme positions, others have adopted more centrist standpoints, but recent debate is at a stalemate. Discussion around Greek hoplite warfare has been pushed into a too simplistic binary of opposing metanarratives that are politicised and often collapse under closer scrutiny. Moreover, hoplite warfare is often deemed a distinctly mainland 'Greek' invention and so has rarely been viewed within its broader Mediterranean context. My research adopts a postcolonial approach to ancient warfare that views hoplites as phenomena that emerged within geographic, social, and political contexts across the Mediterranean. Building on the postcolonial methodologies of Greaves (2010) and Mac Sweeney (2013), I contrast the emergence and character of hoplites in two case study regions (Ionia and Lycia) with the endlessly discussed military history of mainland Greece and examine the specific regional cultural contexts within which hoplites appeared. Postcolonialism examines the experience of subaltern (non-dominant) groups to reflect critically on mainstream elite culture. Although featured in Greek historical canon (Homer, Herodotus, Thucydides) and engaging with Greece militarily via the Delian League, Ionia and Lycia are marginal to the established narratives of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars that dominate the academic discourse. For example, in contrast to mainland Greece inscriptions in Ionia apply the term hopletes (sic.) to tribes, not a social class and, although Lycia was culturally distinct from Greece and had its own language(s), its experience of subjugation to Persia parallels the Greek experience.My research traces several socio-political practices (fighting over the war dead, hoplite agôn, and siege warfare) that are central to the conception of Greek warfare to explore the effect Ionian and Lycian regional identities had on warfare practices. The appearance of duelling over fallen warriors in Lycian funeral iconography at Telmessos and Xanthos is unexpected, indicating a potential Anatolian origin. Likewise, the reality of the contrasting literary motifs of Greek agôn and Eastern 'total war' in ancient sources is questionable, and likely belie deeper cultural positions about the perceived weakness of those who hide behind fortifications and Orientalist narratives about the brutality of the East. I focus strictly on contemporary ethnohistorical (locally produced) literature, archaeology, and especially the overlooked iconographic evidence of local painting and sculpting traditions. By introducing new historical voices into a narrative that has been dominated by the experience of the Western middle-class, I will present a postcolonial reading of hoplite origins and bring a new balance to this hoary debate.

长期以来，学术界一直在争论希腊重装步兵（重装步兵）的出现以及他与公元前 700 年左右城邦（城邦）崛起的关系。这种所谓的“重装步兵辩论”在 20 世纪变得严重政治化。学术界利用它作为表达根深蒂固的政治立场（马克思主义、新自由主义、新保守主义）的工具。为了回应这些对立和极端的立场，其他人采取了更为中间派的立场，但最近。关于希腊重装步兵战争的讨论已经陷入了过于简单化的对立元叙事，这些元叙事被政治化，并且在更仔细的审视下往往会崩溃。此外，重装步兵战争通常被认为是明显的“希腊”发明，因此很少见。我的研究采用后殖民方法来看待古代战争，将重装步兵视为在整个地中海的地理、社会和政治背景下出现的现象。结合格里夫斯（Greaves，2010）和麦克斯威尼（Mac Sweeney，2013）的后殖民方法论，我将两个案例研究地区（爱奥尼亚和利西亚）的重装步兵的出现和特征与希腊大陆不断讨论的军事历史进行了对比，并研究了其中的特定区域文化背景。后殖民主义审视了底层（非主导）群体的经历，以批判性地反思主流精英文化，尽管它出现在希腊历史经典中（荷马、希罗多德、修昔底德）并通过提洛联盟与希腊进行军事接触，爱奥尼亚和利西亚在主导学术话语的波斯和伯罗奔尼撒战争的既定叙述中处于边缘地位。 .）针对部落，而不是社会阶层，尽管利西亚在文化上与希腊不同，并且拥有自己的语言，但其征服波斯的经历与希腊的经历相似。我的研究追溯了几种对希腊战争概念至关重要的社会政治实践（为战死者而战、重装步兵和攻城战），以探讨爱奥尼亚和利西亚的地区身份对战争实践的影响。特尔梅索斯和克桑托斯的利西亚葬礼图像中的图案是出乎意料的，这表明了潜在的安纳托利亚起源。同样，希腊阿贡和东方“全面战争”的对比文学主题的现实。古代资料中的观点是值得怀疑的，并且可能掩盖了更深层次的文化立场，即那些隐藏在防御工事背后的人的弱点以及东方主义关于东方残酷性的叙述。我严格关注当代民族历史（当地产生的）文学，考古学，尤其是被忽视的东西。通过将新的历史声音引入以西方中产阶级的经历为主的叙事中，我将呈现对重装步兵起源的后殖民解读，并带来新的平衡。这场古老的辩论。