The Archaeology of Squatters' Settlements in Rural England, 1550-1750.

英格兰乡村擅自占地者定居点的考古学，1550-1750 年。

• 批准号: 2739775
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of York
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2739775
• 关键词: Archaeology; Squatters; Settlements; Rural; England

This thesis will combine the study of material and landscape evidence with archival and cartographic sources to examine the lives, landscapes, and legacy of the rural poor in England between c.1550-c.1750. In the aftermath of the Reformation- and for the remainder of the early-modern period- rural poverty and homelessness were major issues. They were ever present fears for the majority of the population, whilst also being perceived by the ruling elite as a threat to social stability. However, the experience of rural poverty is yet to be fully examined by archaeologists. By focusing on four counties (Shropshire, Northamptonshire, Surrey, and Buckinghamshire) this project will move beyond previous research to produce the first in-depth archaeological study of rural poverty in England between c.1550-c.1750. ObjectivesTo identify where the poor were accommodated in the early-modern English landscape.To highlight the landscape evidence that exists for displaced people.To understand how commons and forests were used as a resource by the poor.To trace the development of squatter settlements and assess their legacy in the landscape today. Historians have charted the rise of the rural poor and landlessness over the early-modern period, noting the increasing concern about perceived threats to the social order, which has produced both 'top down' perspectives based on the reactions of the early state and 'bottom up' microhistories (e.g. Hindle 2004). However, the landscapes and materiality of the rural poor have thus far been neglected by archaeologists, despite advocating that historical archaeology can provide the 'voice of the voiceless'. Significantly, Johnson's (1996) seminal work on the transition to capitalism focuses exclusively on the 'middling sort' and fails to identify those who suffered and were displaced during the period of post-medieval transition. This project builds on my successful master's dissertation which examined squatters' settlements during the age of parliamentary enclosure in Wales. The study will use national data sets such as the HER, early enclosure plans, and estate and county maps to identify squatter settlements, common land and forest in the four focal counties: Shropshire, Northamptonshire, Surrey, and Buckinghamshire. Archival records of the Court of Star Chamber, Quarter Sessions, Petty Sessions, Forest courts, and Chancery Decree Rolls will be used alongside local poor relief records to identify people, places, and chronologies of poverty, situating the sites within their historical context. An assessment of later maps (parliamentary enclosure, early OS and tithe maps) and aerial photography will inform targeted site visits to identify sites associated with squatters.This thesis will develop the first database of evidence for early-modern squatter settlements: a foundation for future work on England. In addition, it will lead to the development of a new methodology for recovering ephemeral historic settlements: an internationally significant step forward. The project will provide a new departure for the debate about rural poverty past and present, which is both politically and socially relevant, especially as land ownership and the agricultural economy are currently adjusting to new circumstances and political agendas. Finally, the thesis itself, and a number of conference contributions and academic peer-reviewed articles, will make a significant and original contribution to academic knowledge and British historical archaeology.

本论文将将对材料和景观证据的研究与档案和制图资源结合起来，以研究英格兰农村贫困人口的生活，景观和遗产。1550-C.1750之间。在改革之后以及在剩下的早期时期 - 农村贫困和无家可归的情况下，都是主要问题。他们曾经对大多数人口的恐惧表示恐惧，而统治的精英也将其视为对社会稳定的威胁。但是，考古学家尚未对农村贫困的经历进行全面研究。通过专注于四个县（什罗普郡，北安普敦郡，萨里和白金汉郡），该项目将超越先前的研究，从而在英格兰的1550-C.1750之间进行了首次对英格兰农村贫困的深入考古研究。 Objectivesto确定穷人在早期的英国景观中的容纳位置。要强调为流离失所者而存在的景观证据。了解穷人如何将公地和森林用作资源。他们今天在景观中的遗产。历史学家在早期现代时期绘制了农村贫困和无土地性的兴起，并指出了人们对对社会秩序的感知威胁的越来越关注，这两者都基于早期国家的反应和“底部的反应”，这两种“自上而下”的观点向上'微史（例如Hindle 2004）。然而，尽管历史考古学可以提供“无声的声音”，但考古学家却忽略了农村穷人的景观和重要性。值得注意的是，约翰逊（1996）关于过渡到资本主义的开创性工作仅着重于“中间排序”，未能识别出在中世纪后过渡期间受苦和流离失所的人。这个项目建立在我成功的主论文的基础上，该论文研究了威尔士议会围栏时代的擅自占地者的定居点。这项研究将使用她的国家数据集，例如她，早期的围栏计划以及县地图，以识别四个重点县的擅自占地者定居点，公共土地和森林：什罗普郡，北安普敦郡，萨里和白金汉郡。星室法院的档案记录，四分之一会议，小会议，森林法院和律师法令的记录将与当地贫困救济记录一起使用，以识别贫困的人，地点和时间表，并将地点放在其历史背景下。评估以后的地图（议会围栏，早期OS和Tithe Maps）和航空摄影将告知有针对性的现场就诊，以识别与棚户区相关的地点。这篇论文将开发出早期模范棚户定居点的第一个证据数据库：未来的基础：在英国工作。此外，这将导致开发一种新的方法来恢复短暂的历史定居点：国际上重要的一步。该项目将为有关过去和现在的农村贫困的辩论提供新的辩论，这在政治和社会上都具有相关性，尤其是土地所有权和农业经济目前正在适应新的环境和政治议程。最后，论文本身以及许多会议贡献和学术同行评审的文章将对学术知识和英国历史考古学做出重大而原始的贡献。