Neuro-Gothic: a new history of madness

神经哥特式：疯狂的新历史

• 批准号: 2154687
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Kingston University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2154687
• 关键词: Neuro; Gothic; new; history; madness

In Madness and Civilisation, Michel Foucault explores the history of madness in terms of the changing systems of knowledge and power which shape the diagnoses, containment and treatment of mentally ill people. From the end of the eighteenth-century, Gothic fiction's constructions of madness as an excess to reason, a disturbance of self and body or a threat to society participates in a process of shaping and contesting the scientific and popular forms of knowledge and contributing to discursive formations of madness: it complicates moral and sexual relations (in representations of virtue, vice and hysteria); entwines aesthetic and neurasthenic modes (in Poe's diseased imaginings); gives form to the dark, pathological contents of the excitable unconscious (in Freud as well as in the fiction of the late nineteenth century). Gothic writing discloses itself to be a fiction of the nerves ('neuro-gothic'). Notions of trauma, psychosis, schizophrenia that arise from late nineteenth-century studies (in Freud and Krafft-Ebing notably) are reframed by medical psychiatry and anti-psychiatry in neurochemical or existential terms: issues of (social) institutionalisation vie with questions of self-formation and are refracted in new Gothic writing (like that of Patrick McGrath). Current developments see an extension of neurological focus in which older notions of trauma are reconfigured in cognitive terms (PTSD) and types of brain damage serve to elaborate a distinctly neuroscientific framework that alters technical and conceptual approaches to madness. The philosopher Catherine Malabou outlines the role of neural plasticity in the identification of altered models of consciousness: the new wounded - divested of the subjectivity, sexuality and unconscious mental structures observed by Freudian analysis - names beings defined by types of neurological damage. These beings, moreover, are very much creatures of a late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century environment of mediated and technoscientific innovation. They are also significant figures in a new yet still neuro-gothic cultural alignment in which older forms of horror migrate into the new media transforming daily life and consciousness: 'neuromantic' ghosts (in cyberpunk fiction), walking dead in games and on screen and the spectral self-haunting dominating accounts of dementia signal a significant and extensive development of gothic tropes.

在《疯狂与文明》一书中，米歇尔·福柯从不断变化的知识和权力体系中探索了疯狂的历史，这些知识和权力体系塑造了精神病患者的诊断、遏制和治疗。从十八世纪末开始，哥特小说将疯狂视为对理性的过度、对自我和身体的干扰或对社会的威胁，参与了塑造和争论科学和流行知识形式的过程，并促进了话语的发展。疯狂的形成：它使道德和性关系变得复杂（在美德、罪恶和歇斯底里的表现中）；审美与神经衰弱模式交织在一起（在坡的病态想象中）；赋予了可兴奋的无意识的黑暗的、病态的内容（在弗洛伊德以及十九世纪末的小说中）。哥特式写作表明自己是一种神经小说（“神经哥特式”）。十九世纪晚期的研究（尤其是弗洛伊德和克拉夫特-埃宾的研究）中出现的创伤、精神病、精神分裂症的概念被医学精神病学和反精神病学以神经化学或存在主义术语重新定义：（社会）制度化问题与自我问题相竞争-形成并在新哥特式写作中折射（如帕特里克·麦格拉斯的作品）。当前的发展看到了神经学焦点的扩展，其中旧的创伤概念被重新配置为认知术语（PTSD），而脑损伤的类型则有助于阐述一个独特的神经科学框架，改变疯狂的技术和概念方法。哲学家凯瑟琳·马拉布（Catherine Malabou）概述了神经可塑性在识别改变的意识模式中的作用：新的受伤者——剥夺了弗洛伊德分析所观察到的主观性、性和无意识心理结构——命名了由神经损伤类型定义的存在。此外，这些生物在很大程度上是二十世纪末二十一世纪初媒介和技术科学创新环境中的生物。他们也是一种新的但仍然是神经哥特式文化联盟中的重要人物，在这种文化联盟中，旧的恐怖形式迁移到新媒体中，改变了日常生活和意识：“神经浪漫”的鬼魂（在赛博朋克小说中），游戏和屏幕上的行尸走肉以及对痴呆症的幽灵般的自我困扰的主导描述标志着哥特式比喻的显着而广泛的发展。