SEANA -Shipping Emissions in the Arctic and North Atlantic atmosphere

SEANA - 北极和北大西洋大气中的船舶排放

• 批准号: NE/S005587/1
• 负责人: Anna Jones
• 金额: $ 37.11万
• 依托单位: British Antarctic Survey
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FS005587%2F1
• 关键词: SEANA; Shipping; Emissions; Arctic; North

Shipping is the largest means of moving freight globally. Ships consume dirty fuels, making them one of the most important sources of anthropogenic aerosol in the marine atmosphere. Aerosols from shipping can affect the climate directly through absorption and scattering of radiation, with an overall cooling effect to the atmosphere. They can also indirectly influence the climate by changing cloud properties, e.g., albedo and lifetime, which further cools the atmosphere.Two key challenges for assessing future climate impact of shipping emission are (i) knowing the status of the present-day aerosol system - as a baseline from which any climate predictions are made and (ii) quantifying the amount of pollutants emitted. Currently little consensus exists on the impact of shipping emissions in the Arctic and North Atlantic Atmosphere (ANAA) primarily due to a lack of observations and insufficient model skills. Recent modelling work suggests that the Arctic aerosol baseline should account for a disparate range of natural sources. Few models are sufficiently comprehensive, and while some models can reproduce aerosol in some Arctic regions, there is evidence that models can produce similar results via different sources and processes. An inability to reflect the aerosol baseline processes can have significant impact on the reliability of future climate projections. Shipping is also undergoing significant changes. In January 2020, a new International Maritime Organisation (IMO) regulation comes into force, which reduces, by more than 80%, the sulphur content in maritime fuel oils. Superimposed on that, recent climate induced changes in Arctic sea ice are opening up new seaways enabling shorter sea passages between key markets. Significant growth in shipping via the North West Passage (NWP) is anticipated in the coming years. Thus, there is a short window of opportunity to define current atmospheric conditions, against which the impact of these changes must be determined.SEANA will take advantage of the above-mentioned opportunity to make multiple atmospheric measurements over multiple platforms to understand the present-day baselines - sources of aerosol particles including the contribution from shipping - and to determine the response of ANAA aerosol to new fuel standards after 2020. Extended measurements will be conducted at two stations adjacent to the NWP enabling the source of particles to be apportioned using receptor modelling approaches. In addition, SEANA will participate in a Korean cruise to the west side of the NWP, and a NERC cruise to the east, to measure both natural and anthropogenic particles and aerosol processes in two contrasting Arctic environments.These new observations will be integrated with recent / ongoing measurements at partner ANAA stations to generate a benchmark dataset on aerosol baseline in ANAA to constrain processes in the UK's leading global aerosol model, ensuring that the model is reproducing the baseline aerosol in the ANAA faithfully. We will then test the models' response to significant reductions in shipping sulphur emissions using observations taken during the transition to low-sulphur fuels in 2020. The revised model, which can reproduce current "baselines" and accurately predict the response of emission changes in the ANAA, will then be used to predict the future impact of shipping on air quality, clouds and radiative forcing under multiple sea-ice and shipping scenarios. SEANA will deliver a major enhancement of UK's national capacity in capturing baseline ANAA aerosol and responses to emission regulations, results of which will inform shipping policy at high-latitudes.

运输是全球运输货运的最大手段。船只消耗脏燃料，使其成为海洋大气中人为气溶胶的最重要来源之一。运输中的气溶胶可以通过吸收和辐射散射直接影响气候，对大气的总体冷却效果。它们还可以通过改变云特性（例如反照率和终生）间接影响气候，这进一步冷却了气氛。评估运输发射的未来气候影响的主要挑战是（i）知道当今的气溶胶系统的状态 - 作为基础线的状态，从中进行了任何气候预测，并从中制作了任何气候预测，并（ii）（ii）量化污染量的污染物量。目前，关于北极和北大西洋氛围（ANAA）运输排放的影响几乎没有共识，这主要是由于缺乏观察结果和模型技能不足。最近的建模工作表明，北极气溶胶基线应解释不同的天然来源。很少有模型足够全面，尽管某些模型可以在某些北极地区重现气溶胶，但有证据表明模型可以通过不同的来源和过程产生相似的结果。无法反映气溶胶基线过程可能会对未来气候预测的可靠性产生重大影响。运输也正在发生重大变化。 2020年1月，新的国际海事组织（IMO）法规生效，将海上燃料油中的硫含量减少了80％以上。叠加在这方面，最近的气候引起的北极海冰变化正在开放新的海道，使主要市场之间的海道短。预计未来几年通过西北通道（NWP）的运输显着增长。因此，有很短的机会来定义当前的大气条件，必须确定这些变化的影响。Seana将利用上述机会对多个平台进行多次大气测量，以了解当今的基线线 - 当今的气溶胶来源 - 在运输中的贡献，并确定在Anaa Aerosol的响应中，并确定了在Anaa Aerosol的响应中，将其置于2020的范围内。 NWP可以使用受体建模方法将颗粒的来源分配。 In addition, SEANA will participate in a Korean cruise to the west side of the NWP, and a NERC cruise to the east, to measure both natural and anthropogenic particles and aerosol processes in two contrasting Arctic environments.These new observations will be integrated with recent / ongoing measurements at partner ANAA stations to generate a benchmark dataset on aerosol baseline in ANAA to constrain processes in the UK's领先的全球气溶胶模型，确保该模型忠实地重现了ANAA中的基线气溶胶。然后，我们将使用在2020年过渡到低硫燃料的观察结果来测试模型对运输硫排放的重大减少的反应。修订的模型可以重现当前的“基本线”，并准确地预测ANAA中ANAA的发射变化的响应，然后将用于预测空气质量，云质量和雷克斯的未来影响，以下是云和雷克斯的运输。 Seana将对英国在捕获基线ANAA气溶胶和对排放法规的响应方面的国家能力进行重大增强，其结果将为高延长的运输政策提供信息。