Artificial Light Impacts on Coastal Ecosystems (ALICE)

人造光对沿海生态系统的影响 (ALICE)

• 批准号: NE/S003568/1
• 负责人: Timothy Smyth
• 金额: $ 59.4万
• 依托单位: Plymouth Marine Laboratory
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FS003568%2F1
• 关键词: Artificial; Light; Impacts; Coastal; Ecosystems; Artificial; Light; Impacts; Coastal; Ecosystems

Coastlines are illuminated with artificial light at night (ALAN) from piers, promenades, ports harbours, and dockyards. Artificial sky glow created by lighting from coastal settlements can now be detected above 22% of the world's coasts nightly, and will dramatically increase as coastal human populations more than double by year 2060. Life history adaptations to the moon and sun are near ubiquitous in the upper 200m of the sea, such that cycle's and gradients of light intensity and colour are major structuring factors in marine ecosystems. The potential for ALAN to reshape the ecology of coastal habitats by interfering with natural light cycles and the biological processes they inform is increasingly recognised.Marine invertebrates are extremely sensitive to natural light throughout their life cycle. Examples include synchronised broadcast spawning in reef corals informed by moonlight cycles, zooplankton sensitivity to moonlight at >100m depth, and phototaxis of larvae under light equivalent to moonless overcast nights. The reproductive, larval and adult phases of marine invertebrates are all affected by night-time lighting of equivalent illuminances to those found in ports and harbours. Further, direct impacts on organism behaviour can indirectly affect other species in coastal food web's, changing ecosystem structure. The potential for coastal ALAN to disrupt marine organisms, species interactions, population dynamics, and organism distributions is clear.The growing use of white Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) (69% of global lighting by 2020) will exacerbate ALAN's impacts. LEDs emit more blue wavelength light that: i) penetrates deeper into seawater compared to older lighting technologies; and ii) many marine organism responses are most sensitive to. Tailoring LEDs to avoid blue wavelengths represents one mitigation option trialled on land that can be improved by investigating the spectral dependence of biological responses.ALICE will tackle fundamental gaps in our understanding of marine ecosystem responses to ALAN, by carrying out the following research: -1. Laboratory experiments to determine the impacts of ALAN on coastal organisms: Parallel experiments will quantify the impacts of ALAN interference with natural light cycles on the life history responses of marine invertebrates. These relationships will be used to model the growth rate of marine invertebrate populations exposed to different intensities of cool white LED light assuming optimal conditions with no predators or competitors.2. Laboratory experiments to determine the impact of ALAN on species interactions: The relationships between white LED light intensity, and species interactions (predation,competition and mutualism) will be simultaneously quantified during the above experiments, and used to model the impacts of ALAN on marine invertebrate populations accounting for their relationships with one another in nature.3. Mapping and modelling the distribution of ALAN in coastal marine habitats: The intensity of colour composition of ALAN in coastal waters will be mapped across three contrastingly urbanised UK estuaries. These data, and associated optical modelling, will be used with satellite data to globally map ALAN intensity from the sea surface to a depth of 100m.4. Modelling ALAN impacts on species distributions: The population models (1,2) and the ALAN distribution model (3), will allow a synthesis assessment of long term changes in species distributions that may result from ALAN impacts. 5. Quantifying the benefits of avoiding ALAN wavelengths: we will quantify the ecological benefits of: i) removing blue light form LEDs blue using optical filters; ii) replacing white, with longer wavelength Amber LEDs. In addition we will quantify the responses of marine invertebrate larvae to different colours of light, so that the design of ecologically friendly LED lighting can be better informed.

海岸线在夜间（艾伦）的人造光照亮，来自码头，长廊，港口港口和船坞。 Artificial sky glow created by lighting from coastal settlements can now be detected above 22% of the world's coasts nightly, and will dramatically increase as coastal human populations more than double by year 2060. Life history adaptations to the moon and sun are near ubiquitous in the upper 200m of the sea, such that cycle's and gradients of light intensity and colour are major structuring factors in marine ecosystems.艾伦通过干扰自然光周期和他们所告知的生物学过程来重塑沿海栖息地的生态的潜力越来越多。海洋无脊椎动物在整个生命周期中对自然光非常敏感。例子包括在月光周期中告知的珊瑚礁珊瑚中的同步广播产卵，浮游动物对月光的敏感性在> 100m深度上，以及在相当于月亮的夜晚的光线下的幼虫的光点。海洋无脊椎动物的生殖，幼虫和成人阶段都受到与港口和港口中发现的相同照明的夜间照明的影响。此外，对生物行为的直接影响可能会间接影响沿海食品网络中的其他物种，这会改变生态系统结构。沿海艾伦（Alan）破坏海洋生物，物种相互作用，种群动态和生物体分布的潜力是明显的。越来越多的使用白光发射二极管（LED）（到2020年，全球照明的69％）会加剧艾伦的影响。 LED发出更多的蓝色波长光，即与较旧的照明技术相比，i）渗透到海水中； ii）许多海洋生物反应最敏感。为避免蓝色波长的裁缝LED代表了一个缓解措施，该选项可以通过研究生物学反应的频谱依赖性来改进土地上。阿丽斯将通过对海洋生态系统对艾伦的响应进行基本差距来解决基本的差距，通过进行以下研究：-1。实验室实验确定艾伦对沿海生物的影响：平行实验将量化艾伦对自然光周期对海洋无脊椎动物生命史反应的影响。这些关系将用于模拟海洋无脊椎动物种群的生长速度，暴露于没有捕食者或竞争者的最佳条件下暴露于凉爽的白色LED光的不同强度。2。实验室实验以确定艾伦对物种相互作用的影响：在上述实验期间，将同时量化白色LED光强度与物种相互作用（捕食，竞争和互动）之间的关系，并用于模拟Alan对海洋无脊椎动物群体彼此之间关系的影响。在沿海海洋栖息地中绘制和建模艾伦的分布：将在三个对比的城市化的英国河口中绘制沿海水域艾伦的颜色组成强度。这些数据及相关的光学建模将与卫星数据一起使用，以从海面到100m的深度为全球绘制艾伦强度。建模艾伦对物种分布的影响：种群模型（1,2）和艾伦分布模型（3），将允许对可能因艾伦影响而导致的物种分布的长期变化进行综合评估。 5。量化避免ALAN波长的好处：我们将量化以下的生态益处：i）使用光学滤镜去除蓝光形式LED蓝色； ii）用更长的波长琥珀色LED代替白色。此外，我们将量化海洋无脊椎动物幼虫对不同颜色的光的反应，以便可以更好地了解生态友好的LED照明的设计。