GREENHOUSE: Generating Regional Emissions Estimates with a Novel Hierarchy of Observations and Upscaled Simulation Experiments

GREENHOUSE：通过新颖的观测层次和升级模拟实验生成区域排放估算

• 批准号: NE/K002481/1
• 负责人: Peter Levy
• 金额: $ 77.37万
• 依托单位: NERC CEH (Up to 30.11.2019)
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2013 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FK002481%2F1
• 关键词: GREENHOUSE; Generating; Regional; Emissions; Estimates

The UK is committed to quantifying and managing its emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG, i.e. CO2, CH4, N2O) to reduce the threat of dangerous climate change. Sinks and sources of GHGs vary in space and time across the UK because of the landscape's mosaic of managed and semi-natural ecosystems, and the varying temporal sensitivities of each GHG's emissions to meteorology and management. Understanding spatio-temporal patterns of biogenic GHG emissions will lead to improvements in flux estimates, allow inventories with greater sensitivity to management and climate, and advance the modelling of feedbacks between climate, land use and GHG emissions. Addressing Deliverable C of the NERC Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Feedbacks Research Programme, we will use extensive existing UK field data on GHG emissions, supplemented with targeted new measurements at a range of scales, to build accurate GHG inventories and improve the capabilities of two land surface models (LSMs) to estimate GHG emissions.Our measurements will underpin state-of-the-art temporal and spatial upscaling frameworks. The temporal framework will evaluate diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual variation in emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O over dominant UK land-covers, resolving management interventions such as ploughing, fertilizing and harvesting, and the effects of weather and climate variability. The spatial framework will evaluate landscape heterogeneity at patch (m), field (ha) and landscape (km2) scales, in two campaigns combining chambers, tower and airborne flux measurements in arable croplands of eastern England, and grazing and forest landscapes of northern Britain.For modelling, we will update two LSMs, JULES and C-tessel, so that both generate estimates of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from managed landscapes. The models will be updated to include the capabilities to represent changes in land use over time, to represent changes in land management over time (crop sowing, fertilizing, harvesting, ploughing etc), and the capacity to simulate forest rotations. With these changes in place, we will determine parameterisations for dominant UK land-covers and management interventions, using our spatio-temporal data. The work is organized in five science work-packages (WP). WP1: Data assembly and preliminary analysis. We will create a database of GHG emissions data and ancillary data for major UK landcovers/landuses in order to calibrate and evaluate the LSMs' capabilities, and generate spatial databases of environmental and management drivers for the models.WP2. GHG measurement at multiple scales. We deploy advanced technology to generate new information on spatial GHG processes from simultaneous measurement from chamber (<1 m) to landscape (40 km) length scales, and on temporal flux variation from minutes to years.WP3. Earth observation (EO) to support upscaling. EO data will provide: i) driving data for LSM upscaling, from flux tower to aircraft campaign scales; and ii) spatial data for testing LSM outputs at these larger scales.WP4 Upscaling GHG processes. Firstly, the two LSMs will be updated to allow the impacts of management activities on GHG emissions to be simulated, with calibration against an array of temporal flux data. Then, we will use the LSMs to model the fluxes of GHGs at larger spatial scales, based on a rigorous understanding of how the nonlinearity of responses and the non-Gaussian distribution of environmental input variables interact, for each GHG, using all available field data at finer scales. WP5 Application at the regional scale. The LSMs will upscale GHG emissions for both campaign regions (E. England, N. Britain) using a 1-km2 resolution simulations with a focus on the airborne campaign periods of 4 weeks. We will determine how regional upscaling error can be reduced with intensive spatial soil and land management data.

英国致力于量化和管理其温室气体（GHG，即 CO2、CH4、N2O）排放，以减少危险的气候变化的威胁。由于管理和半自然生态系统景观的镶嵌，以及每种温室气体排放对气象和管理的时间敏感性不同，英国各地的温室气体汇和源在空间和时间上各不相同。了解生物温室气体排放的时空模式将有助于改进通量估算，使清单对管理和气候更加敏感，并推进气候、土地利用和温室气体排放之间反馈的建模。为了解决 NERC 温室气体 (GHG) 排放和反馈研究计划的可交付成果 C，我们将使用大量现有的英国温室气体排放实地数据，并辅以一系列规模的有针对性的新测量数据，以建立准确的温室气体清单并提高两个陆地表面模型（LSM）来估算温室气体排放。我们的测量结果将支持最先进的时间和空间升级框架。该时间框架将评估英国主要土地覆盖物二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮排放量的日间、季节和年际变化，解决耕作、施肥和收割等管理干预措施，以及天气和气候变化的影响。该空间框架将在两项活动中评估斑块（米）、田地（公顷）和景观（平方公里）尺度的景观异质性，结合英格兰东部耕地和英国北部牧场和森林景观的室、塔和空气通量测量对于建模，我们将更新两个 LSM：JULES 和 C-tessel，以便两者都能生成管理景观中 CO2、CH4 和 N2O 通量的估计值。这些模型将进行更新，以包括代表土地利用随时间变化的能力，代表土地管理随时间变化的能力（作物播种、施肥、收获、耕作等），以及模拟森林轮作的能力。随着这些变化的到位，我们将使用我们的时空数据确定英国主要土地覆盖和管理干预措施的参数化。这项工作分为五个科学工作包 (WP)。 WP1：数据汇总和初步分析。我们将为英国主要土地覆盖/土地利用创建温室气体排放数据和辅助数据数据库，以便校准和评估 LSM 的能力，并为模型生成环境和管理驱动因素的空间数据库。WP2。多尺度温室气体测量。我们部署先进的技术来生成关于空间温室气体过程的新信息，从室（<1 m）到景观（40 km）长度尺度的同步测量，以及从分钟到年的时间通量变化。WP3。地球观测 (EO) 支持升级。 EO 数据将提供： i) 用于 LSM 升级的驱动数据，从通量塔到飞机战役规模； ii) 用于在更大尺度上测试 LSM 输出的空间数据。WP4 升级温室气体过程。首先，两个 LSM 将进行更新，以模拟管理活动对温室气体排放的影响，并根据一系列时间通量数据进行校准。然后，我们将使用 LSM 对更大空间尺度的温室气体通量进行建模，基于对每种温室气体响应的非线性和环境输入变量的非高斯分布如何相互作用的严格理解，使用所有可用的现场数据在更精细的尺度上。 WP5 在区域范围内的应用。 LSM 将使用 1 平方公里分辨率模拟来提高两个活动区域（英格兰东部、英国北部）的温室气体排放量，重点关注为期 4 周的机载活动周期。我们将确定如何利用密集的空间土壤和土地管理数据来减少区域升级误差。

项目成果

A user-friendly forest model with a multiplicative mathematical structure: a Bayesian approach to calibration

• DOI: 10.5194/gmdd-7-6997-2014
• 发表时间: 2014-10
• 期刊: Geoscientific Model Development Discussions
• 作者: M. Bagnara;M. Oijen;D. Cameron;D. Gianelle;F. Magnani;M. Sottocornola

Nitrous oxide emission sources from a mixed livestock farm

• DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.04.014
• 发表时间: 2017-06-01
• 期刊: AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT
• 影响因子: 6.6
• 作者: Cowan, N. J.;Levy, P. E.;Skiba, U. M.
• 通讯作者: Skiba, U. M.

Infilled Ditches are Hotspots of Landscape Methane Flux Following Peatland Re-wetting

• DOI: 10.1007/s10021-014-9791-3
• 发表时间: 2014-11-01
• 期刊: ECOSYSTEMS
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Cooper, Mark. D. A.;Evans, Christopher. D.;Freeman, Christopher
• 通讯作者: Freeman, Christopher

The influence of tillage on N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O fluxes from an intensively managed grazed grassland in Scotland

耕作对氮素的影响

• DOI: 10.5194/bg-2015-643
• 发表时间: 2016
• 作者: Cowan N