Revealing the high-redshift Universe with superconducting on-chip spectrometers

利用超导片上光谱仪揭示高红移宇宙

• 批准号: MR/W006499/1
• 负责人: Peter Barry
• 金额: $ 179.31万
• 依托单位: CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=MR%2FW006499%2F1
• 关键词: Revealing; redshift; Universe; superconducting; chip

How did the Universe begin? When did the first galaxies form? What is "dark energy"? These are some of the major outstanding questions in modern astronomy and cosmology. The answers to these questions are encoded in the distribution of matter and how it has evolved throughout the history of the Universe. This fellowship will develop a novel sensor technology that will enable a new class of astrophysical experiments that will probe of the evolution of structure throughout cosmic time.When we point our telescopes toward the night sky, we observe light that originates from millions of stars and galaxies. Because light takes time to travel to us, we are effectively looking back in time, and by taking images of the night sky we are able to build up a picture of the history of distribution of matter as the Universe evolved. To extract all the information about a galaxy, a measure of the total brightness and the colour of the light is needed. Spectrographs are able to separate light into colours, and are a key tool that can be used to construct large catalogues of galaxies. These galaxy surveys, in combination with the cosmic microwave background (CMB), have shaped our current understanding of the origin, content, and evolution of the Universe. Despite this wealth of data, direct evidence of how our Universe began and a true understanding of dark energy remain elusive. Typical galaxy surveys are built using powerful telescopes that operate at optical/infrared wavelengths. This choice of wavelength is well suited to nearby galaxies, probing only late times whilst leaving the early Universe relatively undiscovered. The expansion of the Universe modifies the light emitted from very distant galaxies and stretches the wavelength into the sub-millimetre (sub-mm) wavelength range. Detection of this faint sub-mm light poses a number of challenges and requires a fundamentally different detection technology to traditional semiconductor arrays. While mature solutions exist for sub-mm single-colour cameras, technology for sub-mm spectroscopy is an area requiring dedicated development. Current state-of-the art instruments are bulky and expensive, often requiring moving parts that are challenging to scale. The main technical objective of this fellowship will be to develop a novel technology that provides a miniaturised, low-cost solution that takes advantage of well-established techniques. The key to this technology is a combination of finely tuned superconducting integrated circuits deposited on a single silicon wafer. With superconducting circuits defined lithographically, an entire spectrometer can be realised on a square centimetre of silicon; this functionality would previously have required an instrument close to a metre in size. The significant reduction in size and cost will enable the construction of 2D arrays with thousands of spectrometers, and building on the heritage and experience gained from initial proof-of-concept devices, this fellowship will develop, demonstrate, and optimise scalable on-chip superconducting spectrometers capable of operating over the entire sub-mm wavelength range. A dedicated demonstration at the Mexican 50-m Large Millimetre Telescope within this fellowship offers a unique opportunity to boost the maturity of this novel technology, and success would open up a new class of galaxy surveys that target the earliest galaxies in our Universe, complementing existing optical/infrared galaxy surveys. In fact, the combination of these techniques would serve as important systematic cross-checks, and cross-correlations between the surveys promise to be a powerful approach to further improve constraints on cosmological parameters.

宇宙是如何开始的？第一个星系何时形成？什么是“黑能”？这些是现代天文学和宇宙学中的一些主要问题。这些问题的答案是在物质的分布及其在整个宇宙历史上的发展中编码的。该奖学金将开发出一种新型的传感器技术，该技术将使一类新的天体物理实验探测整个宇宙时间的结构演变。当我们将望远镜指向夜空时，我们观察到来自数百万恒星和星系的光线。因为光需要时间去我们旅行，所以我们有效地回顾了时间，通过拍摄夜空的图像，我们能够建立随着宇宙进化的物质分布史的图片。为了提取有关星系的所有信息，需要衡量总亮度和光的颜色。光谱仪能够将光线分为颜色，并且是可用于构造大型星系目录的关键工具。这些星系调查与宇宙微波背景（CMB）结合使用，已经塑造了我们当前对宇宙起源，内容和演变的理解。尽管有很多数据，但直接证据表明我们的宇宙如何开始，对黑暗能量的真实理解仍然难以捉摸。典型的星系调查是使用在光学/红外波长下运行的强大望远镜进行的。这种波长的选择非常适合附近的星系，仅探测了较晚的时间，而使早期宇宙相对未被发现。宇宙的膨胀会修饰从非常遥远的星系发出的光，并将波长延伸到亚毫米级（submm）波长范围中。检测这种微弱的亚MM光会带来许多挑战，并且需要与传统半导体阵列的根本不同的检测技术。尽管存在用于亚MM单色相机的成熟解决方案，但用于亚MM光谱的技术是需要专门开发的领域。当前的最新工具笨重且昂贵，通常需要具有挑战性的运动部件。该奖学金的主要技术目标是开发一种新型技术，该技术提供了一种微型，低成本的解决方案，以利用良好的技术。该技术的关键是将沉积在单个硅晶片上的精细调谐超导电路的结合。通过在正版印刷上定义的超导电路，可以在硅的正方形厘米上实现整个光谱仪。此功能以前将需要仪器接近米的尺寸。尺寸和成本的显着降低将使2D阵列的构建具有数千个光谱仪，并在最初的概念证明设备中获得的遗产和经验建设，该奖学金将开发，演示和优化可扩展的芯片上超导通谱仪，能够在整个子MM波长范围内运行。该奖学金中的墨西哥50米大型毫米望远镜的专门演示为提高这种新技术的成熟度提供了独特的机会，成功将打开一类新的星系调查，以旨在我们宇宙中最早的星系，以补充现有的光学/红外星系勘测。实际上，这些技术的组合将是重要的系统交叉检查，并且调查之间的互相关有望成为进一步改善宇宙学参数限制的有力方法。

项目成果

SPT-SLIM: A Line Intensity Mapping Pathfinder for the South Pole Telescope

SPT-SLIM：南极望远镜的线强度测绘探路者

• DOI: 10.1007/s10909-022-02702-2
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Low Temperature Physics
• 影响因子: 2
• 作者: Karkare, K. S.;Anderson, A. J.;Barry, P. S.;Benson, B. A.;Carlstrom, J. E.;Cecil, T.;Chang, C. L.;Dobbs, M. A.;Hollister, M.;Keating, G. K.
• 通讯作者: Keating, G. K.

Optical Leakage Mitigation in Ortho-Mode Transducer Detectors for Microwave Applications

用于微波应用的正交模式传感器探测器中的光泄漏缓解

• DOI: 10.1007/s10909-022-02733-9
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Low Temperature Physics
• 影响因子: 2
• 作者: Gualtieri R

SPT-3G+: mapping the high-frequency cosmic microwave background using kinetic inductance detectors

SPT-3G：使用动感电感探测器绘制高频宇宙微波背景图

• DOI: 10.1117/12.2629755
• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Anderson A

Development of MKIDs for Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background with the South Pole Telescope

• DOI: 10.1007/s10909-022-02750-8
• 发表时间: 2021-11
• 期刊: Journal of Low Temperature Physics
• 影响因子: 2
• 作者: K. Dibert;P. Barry;Z. Pan;A. Anderson;B. Benson;Clarence Chang;K. Karkare;Juliang Li;T. Natoli;M. Rouble;E. Shirokoff;A. Stark

Reducing Frequency Scatter in Large Arrays of Superconducting Resonators with Inductor Line Width Control

• DOI: 10.1007/s10909-022-02893-8
• 发表时间: 2022-11
• 期刊: Journal of Low Temperature Physics
• 影响因子: 2
• 作者: J. Li;P. Barry;Z. Pan;C. Albert;T. Cecil;C. L. Chang;K. Dibert;M. Lisovenko;V. Yefremenko