Developing an accurate non-Newtonian surface rheology model

开发精确的非牛顿表面流变模型

• 批准号: EP/Y031644/1
• 负责人: Paul Griffiths
• 金额: $ 10.19万
• 依托单位: Aston University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2024
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2024 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FY031644%2F1
• 关键词: Developing; accurate; non; Newtonian; surface

Being 'energy efficient' is something we have all come to better understand in recent times. As we continue to grapple with the cost-of-living crisis we have become ever familiar with the need to make energy-efficient decisions in the home. However, if we are to meet net-zero CO2 emissions targets we must think more globally about how to reduce the burning of fossil fuels. At present, one of the largest sources of CO2 emissions stems directly from the burning of fossil fuels for transportation purposes. Maritime transport alone emits around 1076 million tonnes of CO2 annually and is responsible for around 2.9% of global emissions caused by human activities. Indeed, in the United Nations 2023 Intercontinental Panel on Climate Change report, the authors note that "Rapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems are necessary to achieve deep and sustained emissions reductions and secure a liveable and sustainable future for all." One sector that contributes significantly to the production of greenhouse gases, via numerous different means, is the metallurgy industry. Whether this be through the burning of fossil fuels to produce the finished metallurgical products, or via the greenhouse gas costs associated with the continued travel of these materials across the globe, for example in the lifecycle of a steel-hulled cargo vessel. It is, therefore, imperative that we begin replacing dense and energy-inefficient materials such as steel, with functionalised energy-efficient light alloys.Molten aluminum alloys are widely utilised for the casting of lightweight parts that can be used to replace their traditional heavyweight counterparts. These high-strength alloys tend to oxidise very quickly when first exposed to air. A thin oxide film develops on the surface of the metal and this helps to protect the aluminium alloys against corrosion. However, the development of these thin films can be both a blessing and a curse. The film acts as a layer of protection from the outside elements which, under regular usage conditions, ensures the metal will not corrode. However, during the casting process, when the aluminum is still in a molten state, this thin oxide film can be encapsulated into the bulk of the liquid metal flow. It has been shown that this encapsulation process, which can happen many times over, necessarily leads to the embedding of these oxide films within the main body of the finished product. As a result of this process, the quality and fatigue life of the solidified cast parts can be greatly diminished. As such, gaining a better understanding of how to control this process plays a pivotal role in reducing the costs associated with the production lifecycle, thus resulting in an increased demand for the usage of lightweight alloys. These 'mass savings' then, in turn, contribute to the reduction of the generation of greenhouse gases. One needs to burn fewer fossil fuels moving a product from A to B given that the product is lighter than its traditional counterpart.The goal of the investigation will be to develop a mathematical model that is able to accurately describe the dynamics between the interface of the liquid metal flow and the oxide layer above. At present, the current state-of-the-art fails to capture this important behaviour. Our model will be validated and verified against current experimental observations and the results that stem from this study will provide new insights as to how this oxidization process can be controlled in a practical setting.

近年来，我们都对“节能”有了更好的理解。随着我们继续应对生活成本危机，我们越来越意识到在家中做出节能决策的必要性。然而，如果我们要实现二氧化碳净零排放目标，我们必须在全球范围内思考如何减少化石燃料的燃烧。目前，二氧化碳排放的最大来源之一直接来自交通运输中化石燃料的燃烧。仅海上运输每年就排放约 10.76 亿吨二氧化碳，约占人类活动全球排放量的 2.9%。事实上，在联合国 2023 年洲际气候变化专门委员会报告中，作者指出，“为了实现深度和持续的减排，并确保所有人拥有一个宜居和可持续的未来，所有部门和系统之间的快速和深远的转型是必要的。”冶金工业是通过多种不同方式产生大量温室气体的行业之一。无论是通过燃烧化石燃料来生产冶金成品，还是通过这些材料在全球范围内持续运输所产生的温室气体成本，例如在钢壳货船的生命周期中。因此，我们必须开始用功能化节能轻合金来取代致密且节能的材料，例如钢。熔融铝合金被广泛用于铸造轻质零件，这些零件可用于替代传统的重型零件。这些高强度合金首次暴露在空气中时往往会很快氧化。金属表面会形成一层薄薄的氧化膜，这有助于保护铝合金免受腐蚀。然而，这些薄膜的发展既是福也是祸。该薄膜充当一层保护层，免受外界因素的影响，在正常使用条件下，确保金属不会腐蚀。然而，在铸造过程中，当铝仍处于熔融状态时，这种薄氧化膜可以被封装到大量液态金属流中。事实证明，这种可以多次发生的封装过程必然会导致这些氧化膜嵌入成品的主体中。这一过程的结果是，凝固铸件的质量和疲劳寿命会大大降低。因此，更好地了解如何控制这一过程对于降低与生产生命周期相关的成本至关重要，从而导致对轻质合金的使用需求增加。这些“大量节省”反过来又有助于减少温室气体的产生。由于该产品比传统产品更轻，因此将产品从 A 地运送到 B 地时需要燃烧更少的化石燃料。研究的目标是开发一种数学模型，能够准确描述 A 和 B 之间界面之间的动力学。液态金属流动和上面的氧化层。目前，当前最先进的技术未能捕捉到这一重要行为。我们的模型将根据当前的实验观察进行验证和验证，这项研究的结果将为如何在实际环境中控制这种氧化过程提供新的见解。