HAROLD: HAzards, ROad Lighting and Driving

哈罗德：危险、道路照明和驾驶

基本信息

批准号：
EP/S004009/1
负责人：
Stephen Fotios
金额：
$ 73.74万
依托单位：
University of Sheffield
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2019 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FS004009%2F1
关键词：
HAROLD HAzards ROad Lighting Driving

项目摘要

The frequency and severity of road collisions are reduced if drivers are able to detect and recognize potential hazards in sufficient time to take evasive action such as braking and steering. An improvement in detection time measurable in hundreds of milliseconds could substantially increase the probability that a crash can be avoided. After dark, visual functions such as reaction time are significantly reduced, and road lighting is installed as a countermeasure to this visual impairment. Road lighting is of particular importance for revealing hazards beyond the reach of vehicle headlights such as pedestrians emerging from the side. The British Government recognise the need for significant reductions in road traffic collisions, particularly those involving vulnerable road users such as pedestrians, and committed to enhancing protection of these people in the 2015 British Road Safety Statement. This project will investigate the way in which lighting can be used to enhance safety on main roads. Specifically, we seek lighting that increases the chance of drivers seeing a hazard and reduces the time taken to see the hazard. These hazards include other vehicles, stationary objects and pedestrians. There are two problems with the current situation. First, while British and European standards provide guidance on road lighting, the empirical basis of the recommended lighting is not clear. Therefore, we do not know whether they recommend optimal conditions. Second, we suspect there is a better way for enhancing the detection of pedestrians when they are otherwise unexpected, which is frequently the case for pedestrians on main roads. This is that pedestrians should use a pulsing or flashing LED band, worn on the wrist or ankle to take advantage of bio-motion. An LED band could provide a low-cost counter-measure to reduce the risk of accident. To investigate these proposals we will first carry out experiments to find out how the detection of hazards including pedestrians is affected by changes in lighting, using variations in the intensity and spectrum (colour) of lighting. Whilst drivers should be continuously scanning for potential hazards, there are many distractions - listening to music, speaking to passengers and looking at maps or digital navigation devices. These distractions reduce our ability to detect hazards. We will therefore also investigate how hazard detection is affected by distraction and whether optimal lighting can mitigate the distraction decrement. This research is of particular benefit to elderly drivers; the elderly tend to have poorer vision and, overall, they perform worse than younger people when driving with distractionsFrom these data we will identify the changes in lighting conditions likely to improve safety. These recommendations will be validated by manipulating lighting conditions within a high fidelity driving simulator. The simulator places the test participant in a more realistic setting while still maintaining control on road situation and ensuring participant safety. To facilitate implementation of results we will work to ensure the guidance and standards documents used by lighting designers are revised to include the proposed criteria.

如果驾驶员能够及时发现和识别潜在危险并采取制动和转向等规避措施，那么道路碰撞的频率和严重程度就会降低。检测时间的改进可以达到数百毫秒，可以大大增加避免碰撞的可能性。天黑后，反应时间等视觉功能会显着降低，安装道路照明作为应对这种视觉障碍的对策。道路照明对于揭示车辆前灯无法到达的危险（例如从侧面出现的行人）特别重要。英国政府认识到需要大幅减少道路交通碰撞事故，特别是涉及行人等弱势道路使用者的碰撞事故，并在 2015 年英国道路安全声明中承诺加强对这些人的保护。该项目将研究如何使用照明来增强主要道路的安全。具体来说，我们寻求能够增加驾驶员看到危险的机会并减少看到危险所需的时间的照明。这些危险包括其他车辆、静止物体和行人。目前的情况有两个问题。首先，虽然英国和欧洲标准对道路照明提供了指导，但推荐照明的经验基础并不明确。因此，我们不知道他们是否推荐最佳条件。其次，我们怀疑有更好的方法来增强对意外行人的检测，这对于主干道上的行人来说是常见的情况。也就是说，行人应该使用脉冲或闪烁的 LED 手环，戴在手腕或脚踝上，以利用生物运动。 LED 灯带可以提供一种低成本的对策来降低事故风险。为了研究这些建议，我们将首先进行实验，利用照明强度和光谱（颜色）的变化，了解照明变化如何影响包括行人在内的危险检测。虽然驾驶员应不断扫描潜在危险，但仍有许多干扰因素 - 听音乐、与乘客交谈以及查看地图或数字导航设备。这些干扰降低了我们发现危险的能力。因此，我们还将研究危险检测如何受到分心的影响，以及最佳照明是否可以减轻分心的减少。这项研究对老年驾驶员特别有益；老年人的视力往往较差，总体而言，他们在分心驾驶时的表现比年轻人差。根据这些数据，我们将确定可能提高安全性的照明条件的变化。这些建议将通过在高保真驾驶模拟器中操纵照明条件来验证。模拟器将测试参与者置于更真实的环境中，同时仍然保持对道路状况的控制并确保参与者的安全。为了促进结果的实施，我们将努力确保照明设计师使用的指南和标准文件得到修订，以包含拟议的标准。