HAROLD: HAzards, ROad Lighting and Driving

哈罗德：危险、道路照明和驾驶

基本信息

批准号：
EP/S004009/1
负责人：
Stephen Fotios
金额：
$ 73.74万
依托单位：
University of Sheffield
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2019 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FS004009%2F1
关键词：
HAROLD HAzards ROad Lighting Driving

项目摘要

The frequency and severity of road collisions are reduced if drivers are able to detect and recognize potential hazards in sufficient time to take evasive action such as braking and steering. An improvement in detection time measurable in hundreds of milliseconds could substantially increase the probability that a crash can be avoided. After dark, visual functions such as reaction time are significantly reduced, and road lighting is installed as a countermeasure to this visual impairment. Road lighting is of particular importance for revealing hazards beyond the reach of vehicle headlights such as pedestrians emerging from the side. The British Government recognise the need for significant reductions in road traffic collisions, particularly those involving vulnerable road users such as pedestrians, and committed to enhancing protection of these people in the 2015 British Road Safety Statement. This project will investigate the way in which lighting can be used to enhance safety on main roads. Specifically, we seek lighting that increases the chance of drivers seeing a hazard and reduces the time taken to see the hazard. These hazards include other vehicles, stationary objects and pedestrians. There are two problems with the current situation. First, while British and European standards provide guidance on road lighting, the empirical basis of the recommended lighting is not clear. Therefore, we do not know whether they recommend optimal conditions. Second, we suspect there is a better way for enhancing the detection of pedestrians when they are otherwise unexpected, which is frequently the case for pedestrians on main roads. This is that pedestrians should use a pulsing or flashing LED band, worn on the wrist or ankle to take advantage of bio-motion. An LED band could provide a low-cost counter-measure to reduce the risk of accident. To investigate these proposals we will first carry out experiments to find out how the detection of hazards including pedestrians is affected by changes in lighting, using variations in the intensity and spectrum (colour) of lighting. Whilst drivers should be continuously scanning for potential hazards, there are many distractions - listening to music, speaking to passengers and looking at maps or digital navigation devices. These distractions reduce our ability to detect hazards. We will therefore also investigate how hazard detection is affected by distraction and whether optimal lighting can mitigate the distraction decrement. This research is of particular benefit to elderly drivers; the elderly tend to have poorer vision and, overall, they perform worse than younger people when driving with distractionsFrom these data we will identify the changes in lighting conditions likely to improve safety. These recommendations will be validated by manipulating lighting conditions within a high fidelity driving simulator. The simulator places the test participant in a more realistic setting while still maintaining control on road situation and ensuring participant safety. To facilitate implementation of results we will work to ensure the guidance and standards documents used by lighting designers are revised to include the proposed criteria.

如果驾驶员能够在足够的时间内检测并识别出潜在的危害，以采取避免行动，例如制动和转向，则道路碰撞的频率和严重性会降低。在数百毫秒内可测量的检测时间的改善可能会大大增加避免崩溃的可能性。黑暗之后，视觉功能（例如反应时间）大大减少，并安装道路照明作为对此视觉障碍的对策。道路照明对于揭示超出车辆大灯触及的危险（例如从侧面出现的行人）尤其重要。英国政府认识到有必要大幅减少道路交通碰撞，尤其是那些涉及弱势道路使用者（例如行人）的人，并致力于在2015年英国道路安全声明中增强对这些人的保护。该项目将调查可以使用照明来增强主要道路安全性的方式。具体而言，我们寻求照明，以增加驾驶员看到危险的机会，并减少看到危险所花费的时间。这些危害包括其他车辆，固定物体和行人。当前情况有两个问题。首先，尽管英国和欧洲标准为道路照明提供了指导，但建议照明的经验基础尚不清楚。因此，我们不知道他们是否建议最佳条件。其次，我们怀疑有一种更好的方法可以增强行人的侦查，而当他们是出乎意料的情况下，这是行人在主要道路上经常就是这种情况。这是行人应该使用搏动或闪烁的LED带，戴在手腕或脚踝上以利用生物动作。 LED乐队可以提供低成本的对比，以降低事故的风险。为了研究这些建议，我们将首先进行实验，以了解危害的检测如何使用照明的变化，以及使用照明的强度和光谱（颜色）的变化。尽管驾驶员应该不断扫描潜在危害，但有很多干扰 - 听音乐，与乘客交谈以及查看地图或数字导航设备。这些干扰降低了我们发现危害的能力。因此，我们还将研究危害检测如何受到分心的影响以及最佳照明是否可以减轻分心的减少。这项研究对老年驾驶员特别有益；老年人的视力往往较差，总的来说，他们在分心这些数据时开车时的表现要比年轻人差，我们将确定照明条件的变化可能改善安全性。这些建议将通过在高保真驾驶模拟器中操纵照明条件来验证。模拟器将测试参与者置于更现实的环境中，同时仍保持对道路状况的控制并确保参与者的安全。为了促进结果的实施，我们将努力确保对照明设计师使用的指导和标准文件进行修订，以包括拟议的标准。