DEVELOPMENT OF A PREPARED DIET FOR CEPHALOPODS

头足类预制饮食的开发

• 批准号: 3450960
• 负责人: Roger T Hanlon
• 金额: $ 13.91万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MED BR GALVESTON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1988
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1988-03-10 至 1994-03-09
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3450960
• 关键词: Cephalopoda; alternatives to animals in research; amylases; animal care; animal colony; animal food; carboxypeptidase; chemoattractants; chemotaxis; chymotrypsin; diet route /schedule; dietary lipid; dietary proteins; eating; esterase; ethology; food flavor; growth /development; lipase; nutrition related tag; operant conditionings; pepsin; squid; trypsin; veterinary science

The ultimate goal of this research renewal is to develop a series of nutritionally complete prepared diets that will reduce the costs of production and will increase the numerical and temporal availability of cephalopods, which are carnivorous and now require expensive live diets. Cephalopods are prime models for studies of the nervous system, cellular biophysics, memory, vision, circulatory system, equilibrium reception, metabolism and behavior. The future use of cephalopods as sophisticated invertebrate substitutes for modem vertebrate-oriented biomedical research should increase in response to directives made by the U.S. Congress and National Research Council. During the first three years of this grant, major milestones toward the development of prepared diets have been attained: (1) behavioral studies determined that cephalopods (octopuses, cuttlefishes and squids) can learn or be induced through routine laboratory methods to ingest pelleted diets, (2) chemotaxis by octopuses has been demonstrated for the first time with several chemicals (proline, ATP and crab extract) and (3) adult octopuses and both juvenile and adult, cuttlefishes have been maintained or grown on pelleted diets for up to 60 days. As a result, we are closer to a pelleted diet than originally proposed and the last major impediment to the economical culture of cephalopods has been partially overcome. Improvements in the nutritional quality and nutrient availability of the diets remain as mandatory unresolved issues for both cuttlefishes and squids, requiring a comprehensive nutritional approach. The proposed novel and integrated strategy (i.e., stepwise analysis of orientation, ingestion, digestion, utilization and growth) is now proven and guarantees the successful formulation of prepared diets for cephalopods of all ages. The identification of chemical attractants and feeding incidents for cuttlefishes and squids will improve feeding responses and ingestion rates. Palatability studies will focus on the relationship between chemical and textural stimuli and their effect on feeding. The form and textural stability of the diets will be especially important for cuttlefishes and squid since they eat while swimming. Analysis of individual feed ingredients and formulated diets will provide information on the nutrient availability of such major components as protein, energy and lipid. A series of growth trials will evaluate the influence of protein/energy ratio and protein quality (amino acid balance) on growth survival, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. The effects of protein quality and lipid levels of the diets on digestive enzyme synthesis and secretion will be assayed with specific substrates for protease, carbohydrase and lipolytic enzyme activities. Finally, the pelleted diets will be presented to squids in a production-scale system using time-controlled automatic or demand feeders. The proposed research is significant because it: (1) provides basic and applied information on the dietary requirements of cephalopods, (2) develops standard laboratory diets that can be used by any laboratory in the world and (3) dramatically decreases costs while concurrently increasing the availability of cephalopods for biomedical research.

这项研究更新的最终目标是开发一系列 营养完整的预制饮食将降低成本 生产并将增加数量和时间的可用性 头足类动物是肉食性的，现在需要昂贵的活食。 头足类动物是研究神经系统、细胞 生物物理学、记忆、视觉、循环系统、平衡接收、 新陈代谢和行为。头足类动物的未来用途 无脊椎动物替代现代脊椎动物导向的生物医学 应根据美国的指示加强研究 国会和国家研究委员会。 在这笔赠款的前三年中，实现了 预制饮食的开发已实现：（1）行为研究 确定头足类动物（章鱼、墨鱼和鱿鱼）可以 通过常规实验室方法学习或被诱导摄入颗粒 饮食，（2）章鱼的趋化性首次得到证实 与多种化学物质（脯氨酸、ATP 和蟹提取物）和 (3) 成虫的时间 章鱼以及幼年和成年墨鱼均得到保留 或采用颗粒饲料生长长达 60 天。 结果，我们更亲近了 颗粒饮食比最初提出的要多，也是最后一个主要障碍 头足类经济文化的影响已被部分克服。 提高营养质量和营养利用率 对于墨鱼和乌贼来说，饮食仍然是未解决的强制性问题 鱿鱼，需要全面的营养方法。 拟议的 新颖且综合的策略（即逐步分析方向， 摄入、消化、利用和生长）现已被证明并且 确保成功配制头足类预制饲料 所有年龄段的。 化学引诱剂的鉴定和取食 乌贼和鱿鱼事件将改善进食反应 摄取率。 适口性研究将重点关注两者之间的关系 化学刺激和质地刺激之间及其对进食的影响。 这 饮食的形式和质地稳定性对于 墨鱼和鱿鱼因为它们在游泳时进食。 分析 个别饲料成分和配方日粮将提供信息 蛋白质、能量等主要成分的营养利用率 和脂质。 一系列的生长试验将评估 蛋白质/能量比和蛋白质质量（氨基酸平衡）对生长的影响 存活率、食物转化率和蛋白质效率比。 这 饮食中蛋白质质量和脂质水平对消化的影响 将用特定底物测定酶的合成和分泌 用于蛋白酶、糖酶和脂肪分解酶活性。 最后， 颗粒饲料将在生产规模系统中提供给鱿鱼 使用时间控制的自动或按需供料器。 拟议的研究意义重大，因为它：（1）提供了基础和 关于头足类动物饮食要求的应用信息，(2) 开发标准实验室饮食，可供任何实验室使用 (3) 大幅降低成本，同时 增加头足类动物用于生物医学研究的可用性。