HUMAN LEARNING AND RETENTION

人类学习和保留

• 批准号: 3374639
• 负责人: GORDON H BOWER
• 金额: $ 11.67万
• 依托单位: STANFORD UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1974
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1974-10-01 至 1988-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3374639
• 关键词: association learning; attribution; cognition; cues; imagery; learning; learning transfer; mathematical model; memory; motivation; psycholinguistics; social adjustment; verbal learning

The research objective is to describe how memory operates in helping adults understand and remember descriptions of human actions and interactions. These abilities are central to social cognition and adaptation. Three interrelated perspectives on narrative understanding will be investigated: (1) the way readers or listeners understand a human drama by explaining the characters' actions in terms of their goals and plans, as these occur as part of narrative schema which require goals, complications, actions, and resolutions; (2) how readers use attribution rules to infer the motives and causes of actions from the narrative situation and the nature of the actor, with memory biased so as to serve the interests of the reader and the story-character he identifies with; and (3) the way readers assimilate and elaborate a text using their schematic knowledge of common situations and activity scripts. The unifying metaphor is that readers act like intuitive psychologists, trying to understand characters' actions according to their fitting into a plan to achieve a plausible goal, trying to understand the source of goals and relationships among conflicting goals and competing plans. We hypothesize that readers use their intuitive theory of intentional action to make strong goal-based predictions about what types of events will occur in a story. These predictions influence how readily particular narrative events will be understood. Also, narrative elements that fit into major constituents of the narrative schema, such as complication and resolution, will be judged as more important, will occur in summaries and be recalled more than schema-irrelevant material. We will also refine and test schema theory by examining the properties of new, arbitrary schemas we have people learn. This research combines interests of memory theory, natural language understanding systems, and social psychology.

研究目标是描述记忆如何在帮助成年人方面运作 了解并记住人类行为和互动的描述。 这些 能力是社会认知和适应的核心。 三个相互关联 将研究对叙事理解的观点：（1）方式 读者或听众通过解释角色来理解人类戏剧 根据其目标和计划的行动，因为这些是作为叙事的一部分发生的 需要目标，复杂性，行动和决议的模式； （2）如何 读者使用归因规则来推断从中推断出行动的动机和原因 叙事情况和演员的性质，记忆有偏见，以至于 服务于读者的利益和他所识别的故事特征； （3）读者使用其示意图吸收和详细说明文本的方式 了解常见情况和活动​​脚本的知识。 统一的隐喻是 读者像直观的心理学家一样，试图理解角色 根据他们适应实现合理目标的计划的行动， 试图了解矛盾的目标和关系的来源 目标和竞争计划。 我们假设读者使用他们的直观 故意行动理论，对什么做出强大的基于目标的预测 事件类型将发生在故事中。 这些预测影响了如何轻易 特定的叙事事件将被理解。 另外，叙事要素 适合叙事模式的主要成分，例如并发症和 决议将被认为更重要，将在摘要中发生，并且是 召回的材料不仅仅是模式 - 近级材料。 我们还将完善和测试 架构理论通过检查新任意模式的属性，我们拥有 人们学习。 这项研究结合了记忆理论的兴趣，自然 语言理解系统和社会心理学。