FOCUS IN MENTAL MODELS

关注心理模型

• 批准号: 2247729
• 负责人: GORDON H BOWER
• 金额: $ 10.39万
• 依托单位: STANFORD UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1991
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1991-03-01 至 1997-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2247729
• 关键词: FOCUS; MENTAL; MODELS

DESCRIPTION (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): This research investigates a fundamental aspect of language understanding, namely, the way people construct and use mental models of situations being described in discourse. The mental model is like an internal "theater stage" that a reader or listener constructs in imagination to represent the locations, objects, characters, actions, and causal mechanisms described in a text. Readers/listeners use their developing model to interpret later statements in a discourse, to resolve ambiguities and references, to direct inferences, to learn new information, and understand how it fits into their prior knowledge. Imparting an accurate situational model is typically the main goal of instructional discourse as well as plot-centered narratives. When describing a mechanism, scene, or narrative, writers use various linguistic devices to foreground certain concepts and referents, thus placing them in the focus of attention within the reader's situational model. This attentional focusing importantly influences the way comprehension proceeds. Research has shown that memory representations of objects in focus within the mental model become highly activated, thus facilitating later references to them or retrieval of information about them. Furthermore, activation of memory objects occurs according to their proximity to the focus in the mental model. The proposed research investigates the properties and consequences of this focus of attention as it is moved around within a mental model. Shifting the focus when following characters' movements leaves a trail of activation on memory-objects along that path in the model, thus enabling rapid retrieval and reference to these objects. The proposed experiments will examine the analog, imagistic nature of the mental model, varying the properties of the spatial displays, the characters' movements, and the reader's perspective on them. The theoretical issues addressed by these experiments include how mental models are maintained, updated, and manipulated in people's working memory, whether and to what extent the models have spatial-imagery properties, and how they are constructed and oriented around a particular station-point or perspective.

描述（改编自申请人的摘要）：这项研究 调查了语言理解的基本方面，即 人们建立和使用正在描述的情况的心理模型的方式 话语。 心理模型就像一个内部的“剧院舞台” 读者或听众在想象中的构造以表示位置， 文本中描述的对象，字符，动作和因果机制。 读者/听众使用他们的开发模型来解释以后的语句 在话语中，解决歧义和参考，指导 推论，学习新信息，并了解其如何适合他们的 先验知识。 传授准确的情况模型通常是 教学话语的主要目标以及以情节为中心的叙述。 描述机制，场景或叙述时，作家使用各种 语言设备可以预示某些概念和参考的人，从而 将它们放在读者的情境中 模型。 这种注意力集中的重要性影响了方式 理解收益。 研究表明，记忆表示 心理模型中重点的对象变得高度激活，因此 促进以后提及它们或检索有关的信息 他们。 此外，记忆对象的激活是根据它们的 靠近心理模型的重点。 拟议的研究调查了此的特性和后果 注意力集中在心理模型中。 转移 关注角色运动时的重点留下了激活的痕迹 在模型中沿该路径的内存对象上，从而实现了快速 检索并引用这些对象。 提出的实验将 检查心理模型的模拟，想象性，改变了 空间显示的属性，字符的动作和 读者对他们的看法。 这些解决的理论问题 实验包括如何维护，更新心理模型以及 在人们的工作记忆中操纵，无论是否在多大程度上 模型具有空间象征属性，以及它们的构造方式和 围绕特定的站点或透视图定向。