Unravelling early human migration in southern South America using Darwin's Fuegian lice

利用达尔文的火地岛虱子揭示南美洲南部的早期人类迁徙

基本信息

批准号：
BB/N001443/1
负责人：
M. Alejandra Perotti
金额：
$ 43.56万
依托单位：
University of Reading
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2016 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FN001443%2F1
关键词：
Unravelling early human migration southern

项目摘要

Some 15,000 years ago, tribes entered America from Siberia to people the Americas. These tribes continued along the west coast of America until they reached the small islands of Tierra del Fuego in the far South. During his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin obtained lice from two human groups, Fuegians and Chonos. These lice are different from modern lice and they still contain the blood of the Indians. These tribes went extinct soon after Darwin's visit. Lice collected by Darwin, Wallace and others from extinct human tribes, extinct animals like the Tasmanian wolf and many more animals, total some 3000 specimens. They are currently in the Denny lice collection of the Natural History Museum, University of Oxford. However, there is no catalogue of these lice, not even the total number is known, and most specimens have never been identified. The specimens themselves are at the point of being lost forever. We propose to rescue and curate the Denny collection, to make these lice and the blood they carry inside (from extinct hosts) available to the scientific and public community. Using advanced ancient DNA methods that have been successful on a 400,000 year-old human bone, we propose to carry out genetic analyses on the 180 year-old Darwin lice and the human mitochondria of the blood meal inside these lice.We have identified a modern, but remote and isolated Central American tribe currently carrying the head louse species Pediculus pseudohumanus and a South American tribe carrying a new species of lice with a different karyotype (number of chromosomes). P. pseudohumanus has also been described from Polynesian Indians and monkeys. By sequencing these two modern lice species and comparing them with the louse of chimpanzees and bonobos, P. schäffi, as well as with the results of the Fuegian and Chonos lice, we aim to trace human migration in South America and unravel whether lice jumped from primates to humans or vice-versa. Our pubic lice, for example, have likely been acquired by our ancestors from gorillas, hunted about 3-4 million years ago.The lice that modern humans carry at present on their heads can be divided into three clades (genetic groups). Clade A is found in Africa and rest of the World, B in Europe, America and Australia, and C in Ethiopia, Senegal and Nepal. Using a single mitochondrial gene fragment, it has been estimated that the clade A and B lineages separated between 700,000 and 1.2 million years ago and that clade C split around 2 millions ago. These large range estimations are not helpful because they do not tell us from whom these lice came. Clade A and B lice, did they come from Neanderthals, from Denisovans, from Homo erectus, or from H. antecessor? The age estimation of clade C lice is so vague that we cannot even make a useful guess. The genome of clade A lice have already been sequenced. We propose to determine the genetic sequence of clade B and C lice to obtain a time estimate as precise as possible for the split of the lice lineages. While it would be interesting enough to unravel the phylogenomics of human lice, the importance lies in the fact that we carry all these lice, which proves that the modern human lineage had physical contact with these archaic humans, e.g. H. erectus.Lice cannot survive for more than a few hours off their host, so archaic and modern human lineages or species had to overlap in time and space to physically exchange their lice. This physical contact to exchange living head lice is a unique feature. Evidence about contact with no interbreeding, and the time of contact cannot be retrieved from any human sequencing, ancient or modern, only from lice. This proposal aims to identify with which archaic human lineage or species we had physical contact in the past and when. Since at the moment we carry three different clades of lice on our heads, we must have had two separate encounters with other human lineages, separated by roughly one million years

大约15，000年前，部落从西伯利亚进入美国到美洲人民。这些部落沿着美国西海岸继续前进，直到他们到达了远南的蒂拉·德尔·富戈（Tierra del Fuego）的小岛屿。查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）在小猎犬（Beagle）的航行中，从两个人类团体（Fuegians and Chonos）获得了许可证。这些许可与现代许可不同，它们仍然包含印第安人的血。这些部落发生了由达尔文，华莱士和其他人从灭绝的人类部落，塔斯马尼亚狼和更多动物等灭绝的动物收集的灭绝虱子，总共约3000种标本。他们目前正在牛津大学自然历史博物馆的丹尼许可收藏中。但是，没有这些许可证目录，甚至都不知道总数，而且大多数标本从未被识别。我们提议的标本本身是为了营救和策划Denny收藏品，以使这些许可证和他们携带的血液（来自灭绝的寄主）提供给科学和公共社区。我们建议使用已有400,000年历史的人体骨骼成功的先进的古老DNA方法，对这些许可证内的180岁的达尔文许可证和人类的血液粉进行遗传分析，我们确定了一个现代，遥远而孤立的中美洲部落，目前携带了一个遗留了一个新的pediculus psseudohumaumamanus kermanus kary kermanus kary kermanus kary kermanus krighty nevelliepe（新的物种）染色体）。 Plopolesian印第安人和猴子也描述了假单胞菌。通过对这两个现代虱子物种进行测序，并将它们与黑猩猩和Bonobos，P.Schäffi以及Fuegian和Chonos许可的结果进行比较，我们旨在追踪南美洲的人类移民，以及是否会从人类转移到人类或vice-vice-vice-vice-vice中。例如，我们的公共许可证可能是我们的祖先从大猩猩那里获得的，大约在3至400万年前狩猎。使用单个线粒体基因片段，据估计，进化枝A和B谱系在700,000至120万年前分开，而该枝C c在二百万前大约分裂。这些较大的范围估计无济于事，因为它们不告诉我们这些虱子来自谁。进化枝A和B虱，它们是来自尼安德特人，来自丹尼索沃斯人，来自Homo homo homo h.进化枝C许可证的年龄估计是如此投票，以至于我们甚至无法做出有用的猜测。进化枝A许可证的基因组已经被测序。我们建议确定进化枝B和C许可证的遗传序列，以获得尽可能精确的虱子谱系分裂的时间估计。虽然可以揭示人虱的系统基因组学足够有趣，但重要性在于我们携带所有这些许可证，这证明现代人类的血统与这些档案馆人类具有物理接触，例如H. hotectus.lice无法生存超过几个小时，因此古老和现代的人类谱系或物种必须在时间和空间上重叠才能物理交换许可证。交换活虱的这种物理接触是一个独特的功能。关于没有杂交的接触的证据，只能从任何人类的测序（古代或现代）中检索到接触时间。该提案旨在确定我们过去和何时进行物理接触的档案人类谱系或物种。由于目前我们在头上携带三个不同的虱子，因此我们必须与其他人类谱系有两个单独的相遇，大约一百万年

项目成果

期刊论文数量（9）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Macrocheles species (Acari: Macrochelidae) associated with human corpses in Europe.

DOI：
10.1007/s10493-018-0321-4
发表时间：
2018-12
期刊：
Experimental & applied acarology
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Kamaruzaman NAC;Mašán P;Velásquez Y;González-Medina A;Lindström A;Braig HR;Perotti MA
通讯作者：
Perotti MA

Assemblages of Acari in shallow burials: mites as markers of the burial environment, of the stage of decay and of body-cadaver regions.