Dama International: fallow deer (Dama dama dama) and European society 4000 BC - AD 1600

Dama 国际：小鹿 (Dama dama dama) 和欧洲社会 4000 BC - AD 1600

• 批准号: AH/I026456/1
• 负责人: Naomi Sykes
• 金额: $ 83.03万
• 依托单位: University of Nottingham
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2011 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FI026456%2F1
• 关键词: Dama; International; fallow; deer; dama

Visit any stately home and you will find a herd of European fallow deer (Dama dama dama). These elegant animals are one of natural history's puzzles because, despite their name, they are not of European origin: they are native to Turkey from where people have gradually transported them around the globe. The distribution of fallow deer is thus a direct record of human population movements, trade and ideology with the potential to provide cultural evidence of the highest quality and relevance for a range of disciplines and audiences.There are many publications devoted to fallow deer but these largely recycle 'received wisdom'. In fact, astonishingly little is known about fallow deer; their history is obfuscated by ambiguous linguistic, textual, iconographic and archaeological evidence. To rectify this situation we carried out a pilot study, The Fallow Deer Project, whose results have challenged established theories about the species' history and provided new insights into Roman, Anglo-Saxon and Norman society. It also highlighted the scarcity of scientific work on fallow deer and demonstrated how a new dataset will enable us to explore some of the highest-profile issues in European archaeology: e.g. the nature and spread of the Neolithic in the eastern Mediterranean and the structure and worldview of societies in the Bronze Age Aegean, Iron Age Greece and Gaul, and the Roman, Byzantine, Islamic and Norman Empires.To realise this potential, our transdisciplinary team will employ methods proven by our pilot study - e.g. the integration of archaeology, history, geography and anthropology with genetics, stable isotope analysis and osteological research - to answer the following questions:1) Were fallow deer domesticated? Domestication is a high-profile topic but it has been overlooked in relation to D. d. dama. Interestingly, unlike cattle, sheep or horses, fallow deer provide no milk, wool or traction to warrant their maintenance, yet most archaeological Dama lived into old age - what prompted different human groups to form close, long-term relationships with this species?2) Under what circumstances were fallow deer established across Europe? Fallow deer translocation seemingly began in the Neolithic and by the Bronze Age they were established throughout the Aegean. They appear to have held a magico-religious status that endured into the Iron Age and Roman period, when their bones were traded as holy relics. This trade has confused understanding of Dama biogeography but our research indicates that the Romans established the species across Europe. We now need to clarify how, from where and why these animals/body parts were transported. 3) Did the collapse of the Roman Empire cause extirpation of fallow deer? Evidence for fallow deer is scarce in early medieval Europe; however, they may have been present but simply not exploited by people. The results of this question will be considered further in questions 4 and 5. 4) Did the Normans reintroduce fallow deer via Islamic influence?The idea that fallow deer, the Arabic concept of parks and new hunting rituals were exported from the Norman Kingdom of Sicily is based on circumstantial evidence. We will examine all available data from the Islamic and Christian medieval world either to confirm existing beliefs and provide insights into the culture-contact of this period, or to indicate that Roman Dama populations endured in pre-Norman Europe, necessitating a re-assessment of the Norman Conquest's impact. 5) How do human-Dama relationships reveal worldview?It has been shown repeatedly that the relationship between humans and wild animals reflects a society's structure and beliefs. Certainly wherever fallow deer were translocated, they were incorporated into expressions of socio-cultural identity and ideology. We will explore how different human groups negotiated status, gender, religious and cultural beliefs through interactions with fallow deer.

参观任何庄严的家，您会发现一群欧洲小鹿（Dama Dama Dama）。这些优雅的动物是自然历史的难题之一，因为尽管它们的名字，但它们并不是欧洲的起源：它们是土耳其的原产地，从那里人们逐渐将它们运送到全球。因此，休耕鹿的分布是人口运动，贸易和意识形态的直接记录，有可能提供有关一系列学科和受众的最高质量和相关性的文化证据。许多出版物专门用于休耕鹿，但这些出版物很大程度上回收了“收到的智者”。实际上，对休养鹿知之甚少。他们的历史被模棱两可的语言，文字，肖像和考古证据所困扰。为了纠正这种情况，我们进行了一项试点研究，《休耕项目》挑战了有关该物种历史的既定理论，并为罗马，盎格鲁 - 撒克逊人和诺曼社会提供了新的见解。它还强调了关于休养鹿的科学工作的稀缺性，并证明了新数据集将如何使我们能够探索欧洲考古学中一些最高的问题：例如新石器时代在东地中海地区的性质和传播以及青铜时代的社会的结构和世界观，爱琴海，铁器时代的希腊和高卢，以及罗马，拜占庭，伊斯兰和诺曼的帝国。考古学，历史，地理和人类学与遗传学，稳定的同位素分析和骨学研究的整合 - 回答以下问题：1）是家庭化的鹿吗？驯化是一个备受瞩目的话题，但与D. d有关。达马。有趣的是，与牛，绵羊或马匹不同，休耕鹿不提供牛奶，羊毛或牵引力来保证其维护，但大多数考古学达马都活到老年 - 是什么促使不同的人类群体与该物种建立了与该物种的长期关系？鹿鹿的易位似乎始于新石器时代，到了整个爱琴海的青铜时代。他们似乎拥有神奇的宗教身份，当时他们的骨头被交易为圣物。这种贸易使人们对达马生物地理学的理解感到困惑，但我们的研究表明，罗马人在整个欧洲建立了物种。现在，我们需要阐明如何从何处以及为什么要运输这些动物/身体部位。 3）罗马帝国的崩溃是否导致休养鹿？在中世纪早期的欧洲，休耕鹿的证据很少。但是，它们可能在场，但根本没有被人们利用。这个问题的结果将在问题4和5。4）中进一步考虑。4）诺曼人是否通过伊斯兰的影响重新引入了休耕鹿？该鹿，阿拉伯公园的概念和新的狩猎仪式的想法是基于西西里岛的诺曼王国出口的。我们将研究来自伊斯兰和基督教中世纪世界的所有可用数据，以确认现有的信念，并提供对这一时期文化接触的见解，或者表明罗马·达马人口在欧洲前欧洲持久，需要重新评估诺曼征服的影响。 5）人与人之间的关系如何揭示世界观？已反复证明人与野生动物之间的关系反映了社会的结构和信念。当然，无论易化鹿被易位的地方，它们都可以纳入社会文化认同和意识形态的表达中。我们将通过与休耕鹿的互动来探讨不同的人类团体如何谈判地位，性别，宗教和文化信仰。

项目成果

The 'Elemental (re)Turn': the archaeology of elemental philosophy and humoral principles

“元素（重新）转向”：元素哲学和体液原则的考古学

• 发表时间: 2016
• 期刊: Archaeological Dialogues
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Jones R

The relationship between the phosphate and structural carbonate fractionation of fallow deer bioapatite in tooth enamel.

• DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8324
• 发表时间: 2019-01-30
• 期刊: Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM
• 作者: Miller H;Chenery C;Lamb AL;Sloane H;Carden RF;Atici L;Sykes N
• 通讯作者: Sykes N

Strong population structure in a species manipulated by humans since the Neolithic: the European fallow deer (Dama dama dama).

• DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.11
• 发表时间: 2017-07
• 期刊: Heredity
• 影响因子: 3.8
• 作者: Baker KH;Gray HWI;Ramovs V;Mertzanidou D;Akın Pekşen Ç;Bilgin CC;Sykes N;Hoelzel AR
• 通讯作者: Hoelzel AR

From Icon of Empire to National Emblem: the Fallow Deer of Barbuda.

从帝国标志到国徽：巴布达小鹿。

• 发表时间: 2014
• 作者: Baker, K

Ireland's fallow deer: their historical, archaeological and biomolecular record

爱尔兰的小鹿：它们的历史、考古和生物分子记录

• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy.
• 作者: Beglane, F