Goethe and 'Greek love'

歌德和“希腊爱情”

• 批准号: AH/H003460/1
• 负责人: Daniel Wilson
• 金额: $ 5.77万
• 依托单位: Royal Holloway University of London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FH003460%2F1
• 关键词: Goethe; Greek; love

This study will be the first scholarly book on 'homosexuality' in Goethe's thought. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of Goethe in almost any discourse on German national identity. Goethe has been mobilised and exploited by almost every ideological movement since his lifetime as a supposed advocate of a particular cause. This study will, more modestly but perhaps with more relevance to our times than such politicising of Goethe, suggest that he can speak to the modern age about the justification for and tolerance of a minority culture that has traditionally been viewed with hostility. In fact, his attitude in many respects anticipates modern, egalitarian homosexual relationships and the more liberal attitude toward them.I use the term 'Greek love' because 1) it is the term most commonly used in the eighteenth century for 'homosexuality' (the other historical term is 'sodomy,' but that has pejorative connotations); 2) its 'otherness' signals the fundamental distinction between a modern understanding of homosexuality (as it developed in the later nineteenth century) and earlier understandings that did not imply a fundamental judgement of character, sexual identity and pathology; 3) it includes conceptually both reciprocal relationships between equal partners and pederastic relationships (though these must be distinguished in the analysis); and 4) Goethe's understanding of same-sex desire - like that of his contemporaries - was decisively informed by knowledge of Classical antiquity, both Greek and Roman (in fact, much of the material for this book was neglected by scholars who had not seen it in the context of these discourses from antiquity).Goethe's views are characterised by a marked openness and liberalism. His general comments on Greek love are often accompanied by reservations regarding its supposed 'unnaturalness' (which usually referred to the supposed threat it presented to reproduction and thus population growth, a common concern in the eighteenth century), but these caveats are generally overshadowed by the overall positive tenor of his assessment. He sometimes attributes Greek love to the supposedly greater beauty of the male (a view common in his time and in antiquity). One of the major themes of the study will be Goethe's struggle to free his thinking from the eighteenth-century reduction of Greek love to pederasty (a tendency supported by the term 'Knabenliebe', 'love of boys', which was often wrongly applied to adult homosexuality) and to describe a relationship between adults of equal status, in other words, to take a decisive step toward modernity. Goethe's comments on particular homosexuals lack the reservations found in his general remarks, and these comments were the ones that Goethe voiced in print. He publicly supported two known 'homosexuals': a famous historian, Johannes von Müller, and especially the founder of modern art history, Johann Joachim Winckelmann.

这项研究将是歌德思想中第一本关于“同性恋”的学术书。在几乎所有关于德国民族身份的论述中，都很难高估歌德的重要性。自从他的一生中，歌德就被他的一生是一个特定事业的倡导者动员和探索。这项研究将比我们的时代更适度，但可能与我们的时代更相关，这表明他可以向现代谈论对传统上以敌意看法的少数群体文化的理由和宽容。实际上，他在许多方面的态度都可以预见现代的，平等的同性恋关系和对它们的更加自由的态度。我使用“希腊爱”一词，因为1）这是十八世纪最常用的术语，即“同性恋”（另一个历史术语是“索迪术”，但它具有粉末性的认识）； 2）它的“其他”表示对同性恋的现代理解（正如19世纪后期发展）与早期理解之间的基本缺陷，这并不意味着对性格，性认同和病理的基本判断； 3）它在概念上包括平等伙伴与养老机关系之间的相互关系（尽管在分析中必须区分这些关系）； 4）歌德对同性欲望的理解 - 就像他的当代人一样 - 是通过对古典古代的知识（包括希腊语和罗马人的知识）确定的（实际上，这本书的许多材料被学者所忽略了，而学者却忽略了这些学者，这些学者从没有古代的观点中以这些持续的观点来表征了这些纪念活动，这是一个明显的观点。他对希腊爱情的一般评论通常伴随着关于其所谓的“不自然”的保留（通常是指它提出的预期威胁繁殖，因此是人口增长，这是十八世纪的普遍关注），但这些警告通常被他评估的整体积极男高音所掩盖。他有时将希腊的爱归因于男性的预期美感（在他的时代和古代中普遍存在）。该研究的主要主题之一将是歌德（Goethe）努力从十八世纪的希腊爱减少到脚踏实地的努力（这种倾向是由“ Knabenliebe”一词所支持的倾向，“ Knabenliebe”，“对男孩的爱”通常被错误地适用于成人同性恋者），并在成人身份平等的情况下以平等的状态，在其他语言中表现出现代性的态度，朝着现代的统一性降级，这是既平等的''。歌德对特定同性恋者的评论缺乏他的一般评论中发现的保留，这些评论是歌德在印刷中发表的评论。他公开支持了两个知名的“同性恋”：一位著名的历史学家约翰内斯·冯·穆勒（JohannesvonMüller），尤其是现代艺术史的创始人约阿希姆·温克尔曼（Johann Joachim Joachim Winckelmann）。

项目成果

Wissen - Erzählen - Tradition - Wielands Spätwerk

Wissen - Erzählen - 传统 - Wielands Spätwerk

• DOI: 10.1515/9783110240375.4.293
• 发表时间: 2010
• 作者: Wilson W

"Höhere Begattung," "höhere Schönheit": Goethe's Homoerotic Poem "Selige Sehnsucht"

“Höhere Begattung”、“höhere Schönheit”：歌德的同性恋诗“Selige Sehnsucht”

• DOI: 10.1353/gyr.2013.0029
• 发表时间: 2013
• 期刊: Goethe Yearbook
• 作者: Wilson W