LIFE SPAN EXPERTISE

寿命专业知识

• 批准号: 2688459
• 负责人: NEIL H CHARNESS
• 金额: $ 1.64万
• 依托单位: FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1996
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1996-09-13 至 2001-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2688459
• 关键词: LIFE; SPAN; EXPERTISE

DESCRIPTION (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term objectives are to identify micro-level cognitive processes and macro-level cultural mechanisms that support the development of high-level skill in problem solving across the life-span. A major focus is on the compensatory mechanisms that older adults may use to allow them to maintain high performance levels on difficult problem-solving tasks despite age-related declines in information processing efficiency. Understanding compensatory processes may be instrumental in helping aging adults to cope intelligently with negative changes in physical and mental health, as well as to help maintain the productivity of our aging labor force. We will focus on expert problem solving in chess, because chess problem solving relies on basic perceptual, attentional, memory, and search processes,enabling it to serve as a model task environment for exploring age trends in cognition in general, and expert problem solving in particular. Further, public records of chess ratings enable population-level analyses of life-span and cultural patterns. The following questions form the core concerns of this project: How do chess players acquire and maintain skill in chess across the life-span? What types of study and practice patterns do they use? What role do cultural and social factors associated with age, nationality, and gender play in acquiring skill? Can older players compensate for reduced processing efficiency by drawing on acquired knowledge? What types of knowledge support chess expertise? How does the search process, the core component of problem solving in chess, vary with age, skill, and problem difficulty? We will examine longitudinal chess performance via chess rating lists from the USA and from the World Chess Federation (FIDE). A subset of these players in Germany, Russia, Canada, and the USA will be contracted to participate in the following projects: A) Interviews to gather practicing behavior data, shown to be one of the primary determinants of skill acquisition and maintenance. We will probe social and cultural supports for acquiring and maintaining skill. Follow-up studies will examine practice on-line for a subset of players. B) Chess and non-chess control experiments that will probe the perceptual and cognitive components of skill. Eye-movement studies will trace perceptual matching processes. Time-accuracy functions and think aloud procedures will probe memory and problem solving processes. We will model age and skill effects using EPAM-like computer simulations that vary speed and working memory capacity.

描述（改编自申请人的摘要）：长期目标 确定微观的认知过程和宏观文化 支持发展问题技能的机制 解决整个生命跨度。 重点是补偿性 老年人可能使用的机制可以使他们保持高 尽管年龄相关 信息处理效率的下降。 理解补偿性 流程可能有助于帮助老龄化的成年人智能应对 身体健康和心理健康的负面变化，以及帮助 保持我们老龄化劳动力的生产力。 我们将重点关注国际象棋的专家问题，因为国际象棋问题 解决的依赖于基本的感知，注意力，记忆和搜索 流程，使其能够充当探索年龄的模型任务环境 认知的趋势通常，尤其是解决专家问题。 此外，国际象棋评级的公共记录可以使人口级分析 寿命和文化模式。 以下问题构成了核心 该项目的关注： 国际象棋球员如何获得和维护象棋的技能 寿命？ 他们使用哪些类型的学习模式？ 什么 角色是与年龄，国籍以及 性别游戏在获取技能方面？ 年长的球员可以减少赔偿吗 通过利用获得的知识来处理效率？ 什么类型 知识支持国际象棋专业知识？ 搜索过程如何，核心 国际象棋解决问题的组成部分因年龄，技能和问题而异 困难？ 我们将通过国际象棋等级列表检查纵向国际象棋表现 美国和世界国际象棋联合会（FIDE）。 这些子集 德国，俄罗斯，加拿大和美国的球员将签约 参加以下项目： a）采访以收集练习行为数据，被证明是 技能获取和维护的主要决定因素。 我们将探测 获得和维护技能的社会和文化支持。 后续 研究将检查一部分玩家的在线练习。 b）将探测感知的国际象棋和非智能控制实验 和技能的认知成分。 眼动研究将追踪 感知匹配过程。 时间准确性功能并大声思考 过程将探测内存和解决问题的过程。 我们将建模 使用类似EPAM的计算机模拟的年龄和技能效果，这些速度有所不同 和工作记忆能力。