A multicity study of wintertime inversions and acute cardiorespiratory health events in the western U.S.

对美国西部冬季逆温和急性心肺健康事件的多城市研究

• 批准号: 10553735
• 负责人: Heather A Holmes
• 金额: $ 53.86万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF UTAH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-04-14 至 2026-01-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10553735
• 关键词: Acute; Address; Aerosols; Air; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Altitude; Atmosphere; Back; Biomass; Carbon; Categories; Cities; Communities; Complex; Data; Emergency Situation; Emergency department visit; Epidemiology; Event; Health; Hour; Human; Industrialization; Literature; Location; London; Meteorology; Methodology; Methods; Modeling; Nitrates; Physics; Play; Policy Developments; Pollution; Public Health; Reaction; Regulation; Role; Seasons; Smog; Sodium Chloride; Source; Temperature; Time; Time Series Analysis; Uncertainty; United States; Visit; Work; atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric processes; cardiorespiratory fitness; data fusion; data integration; density; epidemiological model; epidemiology study; experience; fine particles; improved; innovation; interest; meteorological data; novel; novel strategies; pollutant; public health intervention; sensor

ABSTRACT Identifying air pollution sources is critical for developing mitigation strategies to protect human health. Many cities in the western United States experience elevated short-term PM2.5, composed of heterogeneous PM2.5 mixtures that vary seasonally. PM2.5 is a mixture of primary PM2.5 (aerosols emitted directly from a source) and secondary PM2.5 (aerosols formed in the atmosphere from reactions involving primary pollutants, precursor emissions, and atmospheric processes). Although source apportionment models can be applied to trace pollutants back to their emission sources, all conventional source apportionment models share a common limitation: only the primary PM2.5 is apportioned. Meteorology plays a significant role in elevated air pollution concentrations during colder months in the western U.S. Under typical meteorological conditions, temperature decreases as altitude increases. During an inversion, this relationship is inverted – warm air is held above cooler air – causing ambient air pollutants, such as PM2.5, to be trapped near ground level. Several major historical air pollution events, including the 1952 London “Great Smog,” were caused by inversions. During colder months in the western U.S., it is common for over 80% of the total PM2.5 to be secondary PM2.5. To create effective regulations to protect human health in these cities, air quality managers must understand the origin of secondary PM2.5. Given the predominance of secondary PM2.5 during colder months, existing source apportionment models cannot reliably identify which source(s) should be prioritized for mitigation strategies. We propose to address this public health problem by developing an innovative air quality model that apportions both primary and secondary PM2.5, and to use the estimates from this model in a large 12-city epidemiologic study. We will develop a new data fusion method that combines air quality model results and speciated PM2.5 observations to create seasonal, location-specific source profiles for both primary and secondary PM2.5 species. These new source profiles will be used in a multi-year source apportionment model to estimate daily PM2.5 source concentrations during colder months for Boise, Salt Lake City, Provo, Ogden, Denver, Reno, Las Vegas, Sacramento, Fresno, Modesto, Bakersfield, and Visalia. Emergency department visit data from these cities will be used to estimate associations between the PM2.5 source concentration estimates and cardiorespiratory emergency visits. Our project directly addresses major limitations in existing source apportionment approaches by developing methods to apportion secondary PM2.5. Our multicity epidemiologic analyses will uniquely contribute to the literature by providing source-specific health associations that comprehensively account for both primary and secondary PM2.5 originating from a given source. We focus on the significant public health problem of PM2.5 in western U.S. cities prone to inversions and accompanying PM2.5 spikes, but our novel source apportionment methodologies can be readily applied to other regions and studies. Findings from our study will be of immediate interest to air quality and public health stakeholders, informing policy development to reduce high pollution days and protect public health.

抽象的 识别空气污染源对于制定保护人类健康的缓解策略至关重要。 美国西部经历了短期 PM2.5 升高，由异质 PM2.5 混合物组成， PM2.5 是初级 PM2.5（直接从污染源排放的气溶胶）和次级 PM2.5 的混合物。 （大气中由涉及主要污染物、前体排放和大气反应的反应形成的气溶胶） 虽然源解析模型可用于追踪污染物的排放源，但所有这些都 传统的源解析模型有一个共同的局限性：仅对主要的 PM2.5 进行解析。 气象在西部寒冷月份空气污染浓度升高中发挥着重要作用 美国在典型的气象条件下，温度随着高度的增加而降低，在逆温期间。 关系是颠倒的——暖空气位于冷空气上方——导致PM2.5等环境空气污染物被捕获 历史上几次重大的空气污染事件，包括 1952 年的伦敦“大烟雾”，都是造成的。 在美国西部较冷的月份，PM2.5 总量的 80% 以上通常是二次污染。 为了制定有效的法规来保护这些城市的人类健康，空气质量管理者必须了解 PM2.5。 二次 PM2.5 的来源 鉴于寒冷月份二次 PM2.5 占主导地位，现有来源。 分配模型无法可靠地确定缓解策略应优先考虑哪些来源。 我们建议通过开发一种创新的空气质量模型来解决这一公共卫生问题，该模型可分配 主要和次要 PM2.5，并在一项大型 12 城市流行病学研究中使用该模型的估计值。 我们将开发一种新的数据融合方法，将空气质量模型结果和指定的 PM2.5 观测结果结合起来 为这些新来源创建主要和次要 PM2.5 物种的季节性、特定位置的来源概况。 剖面图将用于多年源解析模型，以估计期间每日 PM2.5 源浓度 博伊西、盐湖城、普罗沃、奥格登、丹佛、里诺、拉斯维加斯、萨克拉门托、弗雷斯诺、莫德斯托、 贝克斯菲尔德和维塞利亚的急诊室就诊数据将用于估计关联性。 PM2.5 源浓度估计值和心肺急诊就诊之间的差异。 我们的项目通过开发直接解决现有源分配方法的主要局限性 我们的多城市流行病学分析将为文献做出独特的贡献 提供针对主要和次要 PM2.5 的综合来源特定健康关联 我们重点关注美国西部城市中容易发生的 PM2.5 重大公共卫生问题。 反演和伴随的 PM2.5 峰值，但我们的新颖源解析方法可以轻松应用 我们的研究结果将对空气质量和公共卫生产生直接影响。 利益相关者，为政策制定提供信息，以减少高污染天数并保护公众健康。