A multicity study of wintertime inversions and acute cardiorespiratory health events in the western U.S.

对美国西部冬季逆温和急性心肺健康事件的多城市研究

• 批准号: 10553735
• 负责人: Heather A Holmes
• 金额: $ 53.86万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF UTAH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2021-04-14 至 2026-01-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10553735
• 关键词: Acute; Address; Aerosols; Air; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Altitude; Atmosphere; Back; Biomass; Carbon; Categories; Cities; Communities; Complex; Data; Emergency Situation; Emergency department visit; Epidemiology; Event; Health; Hour; Human; Industrialization; Literature; Location; London; Meteorology; Methodology; Methods; Modeling; Nitrates; Physics; Play; Policy Developments; Pollution; Public Health; Reaction; Regulation; Role; Seasons; Smog; Sodium Chloride; Source; Temperature; Time; Time Series Analysis; Uncertainty; United States; Visit; Work; atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric processes; cardiorespiratory fitness; data fusion; data integration; density; epidemiological model; epidemiology study; experience; fine particles; improved; innovation; interest; meteorological data; novel; novel strategies; pollutant; public health intervention; sensor

ABSTRACT Identifying air pollution sources is critical for developing mitigation strategies to protect human health. Many cities in the western United States experience elevated short-term PM2.5, composed of heterogeneous PM2.5 mixtures that vary seasonally. PM2.5 is a mixture of primary PM2.5 (aerosols emitted directly from a source) and secondary PM2.5 (aerosols formed in the atmosphere from reactions involving primary pollutants, precursor emissions, and atmospheric processes). Although source apportionment models can be applied to trace pollutants back to their emission sources, all conventional source apportionment models share a common limitation: only the primary PM2.5 is apportioned. Meteorology plays a significant role in elevated air pollution concentrations during colder months in the western U.S. Under typical meteorological conditions, temperature decreases as altitude increases. During an inversion, this relationship is inverted – warm air is held above cooler air – causing ambient air pollutants, such as PM2.5, to be trapped near ground level. Several major historical air pollution events, including the 1952 London “Great Smog,” were caused by inversions. During colder months in the western U.S., it is common for over 80% of the total PM2.5 to be secondary PM2.5. To create effective regulations to protect human health in these cities, air quality managers must understand the origin of secondary PM2.5. Given the predominance of secondary PM2.5 during colder months, existing source apportionment models cannot reliably identify which source(s) should be prioritized for mitigation strategies. We propose to address this public health problem by developing an innovative air quality model that apportions both primary and secondary PM2.5, and to use the estimates from this model in a large 12-city epidemiologic study. We will develop a new data fusion method that combines air quality model results and speciated PM2.5 observations to create seasonal, location-specific source profiles for both primary and secondary PM2.5 species. These new source profiles will be used in a multi-year source apportionment model to estimate daily PM2.5 source concentrations during colder months for Boise, Salt Lake City, Provo, Ogden, Denver, Reno, Las Vegas, Sacramento, Fresno, Modesto, Bakersfield, and Visalia. Emergency department visit data from these cities will be used to estimate associations between the PM2.5 source concentration estimates and cardiorespiratory emergency visits. Our project directly addresses major limitations in existing source apportionment approaches by developing methods to apportion secondary PM2.5. Our multicity epidemiologic analyses will uniquely contribute to the literature by providing source-specific health associations that comprehensively account for both primary and secondary PM2.5 originating from a given source. We focus on the significant public health problem of PM2.5 in western U.S. cities prone to inversions and accompanying PM2.5 spikes, but our novel source apportionment methodologies can be readily applied to other regions and studies. Findings from our study will be of immediate interest to air quality and public health stakeholders, informing policy development to reduce high pollution days and protect public health.

抽象的 确定空气污染来源对于制定缓解策略以保护人类健康至关重要。许多城市 在美国西部，经历了短期PM2.5的升高，由异质的PM2.5混合物组成 季节性不同。 PM2.5是主要PM2.5的混合物（直接从源发出的气溶胶）和次级PM2.5 （在大气中由涉及一级污染物，前体排放和大气的反应形成的气溶胶 尽管可以将源拨款模型应用于将污染物追溯到其排放源，但所有这些都可以 常规源分配模型具有共同的限制：只有主要PM2.5是分配的。 在西部寒冷月份，气象学在较冷的空气污染浓度中起着重要作用 美国在典型的气象条件下，随着海拔高度的增加，温度降低。在倒置期间，这个 关系是倒置的 - 温暖的空气被固定在凉爽的空气上方 - 导致环境空气污染物（例如PM2.5）被捕获 接近地面。造成了一些主要的历史空气污染事件，包括1952年伦敦的“大烟雾” 通过反演。在美国西部的寒冷月份中，总PM2.5的80％以上是次要的 PM2.5。为了制定有效的法规以保护这些城市的人类健康，空气质量经理必须了解 次级PM2.5的起源。考虑到较冷的几个月中次级PM2.5的优势，现有来源 分配模型无法可靠地确定应优先考虑哪些来源以进行缓解策略。 我们建议通过开发一种创新的空气质量模型来解决这个公共卫生问题 主要和次级PM2.5，并在一项大型12个城市流行病学研究中使用该模型的估计值。 我们将开发一种新的数据融合方法，将空气质量模型结果结合在一起，并指定PM2.5观察到 为原发性和次级PM2.5种创建季节性的，特定于位置的源概况。这些新来源 配置文件将在多年源分配模型中使用，以估算每日PM2.5源浓度 博伊西，盐湖城，普罗沃，奥格登，丹佛，里诺，拉斯维加斯，萨克拉曼多，弗雷斯诺，莫德斯托，寒冷的月份 贝克斯菲尔德和维萨利亚。急诊室访问这些城市的数据将用于估计协会 在PM2.5源浓度估计和心肺紧急就诊之间。 我们的项目直接通过开发来解决现有的源分配方法的主要限制 分配次级PM2.5的方法。我们的多种流行病学分析将由 提供特定于来源的健康协会，可全面解释初级和次级PM2.5 起源于给定来源。我们专注于美国西部城市PM2.5的重大公共卫生问题 倒置和参与PM2.5峰值，但是我们的新型源代码分配方法可以很容易地应用 到其他地区和研究。我们研究的发现将是空气质量和公共卫生的立即感兴趣的 利益相关者，告知政策制定以减少高污染日并保护公共卫生。