Multisensory Development: Cortical-Midbrain Interactions

多感官发展：皮质-中脑相互作用

• 批准号: 10411932
• 负责人: Benjamin A Rowland
• 金额: $ 56.33万
• 依托单位: WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2020-06-01 至 2024-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10411932
• 关键词: Acids; Adult; American; Animals; Anterior; Architecture; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Auditory; Basic Science; Behavior; Behavioral; Biological Models; Birth; Brain; Chemicals; Cognitive; Conscious; Cues; Darkness; Decision Making; Defect; Detection; Development; Disease; Dyslexia; Ensure; Environment; Event; Felis catus; Hearing problem; Individual; Learning; Lesion; Life; Link; Masks; Mediating; Midbrain structure; Modality; Molecular; N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors; Nature; Neurons; Noise; Perception; Performance; Physiological; Probability; Process; Property; Psychological reinforcement; Receptor Activation; Schizophrenia; Sensory; Signal Transduction; Site; Stimulus; System; Testing; Time; Translating; Translations; Traumatic Brain Injury; Visual; association cortex; auditory stimulus; autism spectrum disorder; dark rearing; developmental disease; diagnostic strategy; experience; experimental study; flexibility; hearing impairment; learning algorithm; multisensory; operation; optogenetics; postnatal; rehabilitation strategy; relating to nervous system; response; sensory input; sensory processing disorder; spatiotemporal; statistical learning; statistics; superior colliculus Corpora quadrigemina; visual dysfunction; visual stimulus

Project Summary A major issue of ignorance in sensory processing is how the brain develops its remarkable ability to use its senses synergistically, a critical requirement for normal perception. We do know however, that acquiring this capability is a protracted postnatal process, and the ability to use visual and auditory information cooperatively must be learned. This process is best understood in terms of the detection and orientation behaviors mediated by the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure well-endowed with multisensory neurons. After extensive visual-auditory experience, animals show enhanced visual-auditory detection and localization behaviors. Their multisensory SC neurons show similar changes – now integrating their different sensory inputs to enhance their response and the physiological salience of the initiating events. The brain has come to treat these cross- modal stimuli as a coherent whole rather than as a set of competitive or unrelated cues. These changes are not seen in animals reared in darkness or with masking noise, and chemical lesions preferentially eliminating SC multisensory neurons eliminate the enhanced multisensory detection and orientation behaviors without disrupting responses to their individual component cues. Interestingly, this integrative capacity and its performance benefits in detecting and orienting to external events can be acquired in dark-reared and noise- reared animals by giving them appropriate experience later in life. But, the conceptual and practical use of this information is limited by a poor understanding of the factors underlying its acquisition and operation. We suggest the acquisition of this SC capacity does not depend on forming generic associations between the sensory modalities as is widely believed. Rather, it involves a far more sophisticated form of statistical learning in which the probability that any set of cross-modal inputs derive from the same event is encoded. This information is then used by the circuit to determine how it will later respond to such events. But to be effective in this regard, those cross-modal inputs must access the SC through unisensory projections from association cortex (and be filtered by the SC’s inherent biases). We posit that this natural process can be reproduced artificially by inducing covariant activation of these converging cortico-SC afferents - in the absence of external cues, and without any of the reinforcement contingencies or cognitive factors normally associated with overt behavior. Finally, we hypothesize that NMDA receptors provide the crucial mechanistic basis for encoding this experience by initiating Hebbian-like learning algorithms. The end result is a multisensory system that is extremely sensitive to the particular cross-modal stimulus configurations that were learned to belong to the same events. This gives them preferential access to the neural machinery that will still further enhance their physiological salience and their ability to elicit SC-mediated behavior, ensuring that the system is adapted to the environment in which it was formed, and in which it will likely be used.

项目摘要 感官处理中无知的主要问题是大脑如何发展其使用其非凡的能力 感觉是协同的，这是正常感知的关键要求。但是，我们确实知道，这是 能力是一个旷日持久的后过程，并且能够合作使用视觉和听觉信息 必须学习。最好从介导的检测和取向行为来理解此过程 由上丘（SC）的中间脑结构（SC），具有多感觉神经元的含量。大量之后 视觉审计经验，动物表现出增强的视觉原理检测和定位行为。他们的 多感官SC神经元显示出类似的变化 - 现在整合了它们的不同感觉输入以增强 他们的反应和开始事件的身体显着性。大脑来治疗这些交叉 模态刺激是连贯的整体，而不是一组竞争性或无关的提示。这些变化是 在黑暗中饲养或掩盖噪声的动物中看不到，化学病变优先消除 SC多感觉神经元消除了没有增强的多感官检测和方向行为 破坏对其各个组件提示的反应。有趣的是，这种综合能力及其 在发现和定位外部事件方面的性能益处可以在深色和噪音中获得 饲养动物通过以后的生活提供适当的经验来饲养动物。但是，此概念和实际用途 信息受到对其获取和操作的因素的不良理解的限制。 我们建议获得此SC的能力并不取决于形成一般关联 人们普遍认为的感官方式。相反，它涉及一种更复杂的统计学习形式 其中编码了从同一事件衍生的任何一组跨模式输入的概率。 然后，通过电路使用信息来确定稍后将如何响应此类事件。但是要有效 在这方面，这些跨模式输入必须通过协会的通用项目访问SC 皮质（并通过SC的继承偏见过滤）。我们肯定可以复制这种自然过程 通过诱导这些收敛的皮质-SC传入的协变激活人为 - 在没有外部的情况下 提示，并且没有任何强化意外事件或通常与公开相关的认知因素 行为。最后，我们假设NMDA受体为编码这一点提供了至关重要的机械基础 通过启动HEBBIAN式学习算法的经验。最终结果是一个多感官系统 对学会属于的特定跨模式刺激构型极为敏感 相同的事件。这使他们优先访问神经机械，这将进一步增强他们的 生理显着性及其引起SC介导的行为的能力，确保系统适应 形成的环境以及可能使用的环境。