The Political Economy of Tobacco Farming in Low-and Middle-Income Countries

低收入和中等收入国家烟草种植的政治经济学

基本信息

批准号：
10291049
负责人：
Jeffrey Drope
金额：
$ 27.67万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2012-08-22 至 2022-03-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10291049
关键词：
Address Advocate Africa Africa South of the Sahara African Agriculture Ally American Area Attention Collaborations Complement Complex Consultations Consumption Country Data Disease Economic Policy Economics Educational workshop Environment Financial Support Focus Groups Fostering Foundations Gap Junctions Goals Government Government Officials Health Legislation Health Policy Home environment Income Individual Indonesia Industry Institution Intervention Interview Kenya Label Level of Evidence Literature Logistics Malawi Marketing Measures Mentorship Nature North America Outcome Participant Policies Policy Analysis Politics Postdoctoral Fellow Prevalence Process Public Health Recommendation Reporting Research Research Personnel Risk Factors Sampling Scholarship Series Shapes Side Smoke Southeastern Asia Structure Students Surveys Taxation Time Tobacco Tobacco Industry Tobacco use Training Universities Visit Work World Health Organization Zambia burden of illness civil society cohort experience falls farmer graduate student improved low and middle-income countries member multidisciplinary preference programs public policy on tobacco skills symposium tobacco control

项目摘要

Summary The World Health Organization reports that more than six million people die each year from tobacco-related diseases. Moreover, changing markets have generated a dramatic shift in consumption from high-income countries (HICs) to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and by 2030 more than 80% of the disease burden from tobacco use will fall on LMICs. To help facilitate this shift, opponents of tobacco control – led by the tobacco industry and even some governments – have successfully used the supposed harm from tobacco control measures to smallholder tobacco farmers as a reason to slow, stop and even reverse tobacco control interventions, particularly in LMICs. This complex nexus of economic, agricultural and public health policymaking may prove to be home to one of the largest threats facing tobacco control. The emerging battleground is concentrated in countries with weaker governance capacity, more politically vulnerable governments and a greater economic reliance on tobacco, which includes many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. While there is a small literature examining some of these dynamics, there is a lack of cross-country and deep, individual-level evidence about the actual livelihoods of these farmers and the political economic context in which these dynamics are unfolding. Understanding the complexities of these livelihoods is a crucial component to addressing this challenge: helping policymakers to develop strategies to integrate public health and agro-economic policies positively, and in particular, to assist farmers in finding viable economic alternative livelihoods. Such policies supporting viable alternatives are needed to counter many existing ones that serve to propel or entrench tobacco cultivation. This project aims to fill the large research gap in this area by examining rigorously the economic lives of these farmers, and the political and economic processes that frame their livelihoods, in four major tobacco- growing LMICs – Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi and Zambia. To reach this aim, we will first collect and analyze existing data and scholarship relevant to the economics and politics of tobacco farming in these regions. Informed by these findings, we will implement individual-level economic surveys of nationally-representative samples of farmers in four major tobacco-growing countries in Africa and Southeast Asia. We will complement the surveys with focus group discussions with farmers across the major tobacco-growing regions of each case country. Finally, using the expert consultation of the in-country co-investigators, we will extensively interview relevant actors in these countries, including relevant farmer organization representatives, ministry officials, civil society advocates, representatives of intergovernmental organizations, and industry representatives in order to illuminate the broader structures, policies and other important contexts that frame farmers' livelihoods. One of the project's principal aims is to improve research and policy analysis capacity in this vital substantive area in the region. Accordingly, there will be close cooperation among the HIC and LMIC co- investigators not only for research collaboration, but also to train a select cohort of graduate students (four in total) and two post-doctoral or post-graduate researchers in African universities and two in Indonesia who focus specifically on the political economy of tobacco control in LMICs. There is also a component in which three LMIC researchers will visit one of the North American institutions for post-doctoral studies. As the final component of our capacity-building strategy, the multi-disciplinary team will present the key findings to major stakeholders – policymakers, advocates and scholars – in a series of workshops across the region that elucidate the complexities of tobacco farming with an ultimate goal of creating a policy environment that is conducive to reducing the supply of tobacco parallel to efforts to control demand. At the same time, we will conduct workshops to present our findings to the survey and FGD participants so they can directly benefit from the researching to which they are contributing. These workshops will be accompanied by a corresponding set of country-specific reports and policy briefs that will also be distributed to key stakeholders. Finally, co-investigators will cultivate relationships with key stakeholders and engage in the presentation of research results and meaningful policy discussions in much smaller settings.

概括世界卫生组织报告说，每年有超过600万人死于与烟草有关的疾病。此外，不断变化的市场已经从高收入中产生了巨大的消费转变低收入和中等收入国家（LMIC）的国家（HIC），到2030年，该疾病的80％以上烟草使用燃烧将落在LMIC上。为了帮助促进这一转变，烟草控制的选项 - LED 通过烟草业，甚至一些政府 - 成功地使用了所谓的伤害烟草控制措施对小农烟草农民的措施放慢，停止甚至逆转的理由烟草控制干预措施，特别是在LMIC中。这种复杂的经济，农业和公众联系卫生决策可能被证明是烟草控制面临的最大威胁之一。新兴的战场集中在治理能力较弱的国家中脆弱的政府和烟草的更大经济救济，其中包括许多国家撒哈拉以南非洲和东南亚。虽然有小文献检查其中一些动态，缺乏越野和深厚的个人水平证据这些动态正在展开的农民和政治经济背景。了解这些生计的复杂性是应对这一挑战的关键组成部分：帮助决策者制定策略以积极地融入公共卫生和农业经济政策，尤其是协助农民找到可行的经济替代生计。这些政策支持可行的替代方案需要对付许多用于推动或巩固烟草种植的现有现有的。该项目旨在通过严格检查的经济生活来填补这一领域的巨大研究差距这些农民以及构成生计的政治和经济过程，在四个主要的烟草中成长的LMIC - 印度尼西亚，肯尼亚，马拉维和赞比亚。为了达到这一目标，我们将首先收集和分析现有的数据和科学与这些地区的烟草种植的经济学和政治有关。在这些发现的情况下，我们将对国家代表性的个人级别的经济调查非洲和东南亚四个主要烟草种植国家的农民样本。我们将通过与主要烟草种植的农民进行焦点小组讨论来补充调查每个案例国家的地区。最后，利用国内共同研究人员的专家咨询，我们将在这些国家 /地区广泛采访相关的参与者，包括相关的农民组织代表人际关系中的代表，迷你官员，民间社会倡导者组织和行业代表为了阐明更广泛的结构，政策和其他构成农民生计的重要背景。该项目的主要目的之一是提高这一重要的研究和政策分析能力该地区的实质区域。彼此之间，HIC和LMIC共同的合作将密切合作调查人员不仅进行研究合作，还要培训精选的研究生（四个）总共）和两名非洲大学的博士后或研究生研究人员，两名在印度尼西亚专门关注LMIC中烟草控制的政治经济学。还有一个组件三名LMIC研究人员将参观北美机构之一进行博士后研究。作为决赛我们能力建设策略的组成部分，多学科团队将向主要利益相关者 - 政策制定者，倡导者和学者 - 在整个地区的一系列讲习班中这阐明了烟草种植的复杂性，其最终目标是创建一个政策环境正在进行减少与控制需求的努力平行的烟草的供应。同时，我们将举办研讨会向调查和FGD参与者介绍我们的发现，以便他们可以直接受益于他们所贡献的研究。这些讲习班将伴随相应的特定国家报告和政策摘要也将分发给密钥利益相关者。最后，共同投资者将与主要利益相关者建立关系，并参与在较小的环境中的研究结果和有意义的政策讨论的介绍。