Intercultural Comparison Research on the Funeral Ceremonies

丧葬仪式的跨文化比较研究

• 批准号: 13610229
• 负责人: SHIMANE Katsumi
• 金额: $ 2.24万
• 依托单位: Senshu University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2004
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13610229/
• 关键词: funeral ceremony; sociology of death; Mongol; France; United States of America; undertaker; burial; grave; 葬儀; 追悼; 記憶; 社会的死; 近代化; 比較社会学; 比較文化; 葬祭業; 死生観; 死の追悼; 集合的記憶; 社会学; 比較文化論; アメリカ:フランス:日本:モンゴル; 風葬; ラマ教; 国際比較; 墓地; 戦没者慰霊

The aim of this research is to understand, thanks to an intercultural comparison, the influence of modernization on funeral ceremonies in various societies. Surveys have been effectuated in a selected range of countries : Mongolia, France and United States. We interviewed undertakers, mourning families, and specialists of funeral customs. After having taken part in funeral ceremonies, visited funeral homes and cemeteries we gathered all the basic data to be compared.The information obtained is the following. In the past sixty years, Mongolia and especially Ulaanbaatar, have known an extremely rapid modernization and urbanization. This entailed both a shift from a traditional nomad lifestyle to a more urbanized one and a change in funeral customs. Earth burial has been replacing the practice of leaving corpses in the wilds, and recently the practice of cremation has also been started so that "new funeral traditions" have been invented.Comparatively, France's modernization took place ear … More lier, but despite the existence of a crematist movement since the 19^<th> century, and its gradual recognition in the eyes of the catholic religion, cremation rates did not increase. At the same time, owing to the gradual restructuring of family relationships after the 70's, families became dependent on undertakers' services to organize the funerals.In the United States, pregnancy of capitalism in the American society favored the emergence of the funeral industry. SCI (Service Corporation International) is the biggest funeral company in the world and crosses cultural borders. They offer expensive services such as embalming or confection of coffins and vaults with costly materials. They also provide customers with psychological counseling, law consulting and internet memorial.We can say that in each country, the ancient forms of funerals inherited from religious and traditional customs have been maintained while having been modified through the joint influence of modernization, urbanization, and capitalism. Less

这项研究的目的是通过跨文化比较来了解现代化对不同社会葬礼仪式的影响。我们在蒙古、法国和美国等选定的国家进行了调查。在参加了葬礼、参观了殡仪馆和墓地之后，我们收集了所有的基本数据进行比较。获得的信息如下：在过去的六十年里，蒙古尤其如此。乌兰巴托经历了极其迅速的现代化和城市化，这意味着从传统的游牧生活方式向更加城市化的生活方式的转变，土葬习俗也逐渐取代了野外遗体的做法。火葬的习俗也开始出现，从而发明了“新的葬礼传统”。 相比之下，法国的现代化发生得更早，但尽管自19世纪以来就存在火葬运动。 19世纪，随着天主教的逐渐认可，火葬率并没有增加。同时，由于70年代后家庭关系的逐渐重组，家庭开始依赖殡仪馆的服务。在美国，美国社会的资本主义孕育了殡葬业的出现，SCI（国际服务公司）是世界上最大的殡葬公司，他们提供防腐等昂贵的服务。或者他们还为顾客提供心理咨询、法律咨询、网络祭奠等服务。可以说，在各个国家，从宗教和传统习俗中继承下来的古老丧葬形式都得到了保留，同时又经过了改造。现代化、城市化和资本主义的共同影响较小。