The Mechanism of Human Cognition on Polarity Contexts

人类对极性情境的认知机制

基本信息

批准号：
10610479
负责人：
YOSHIMURA Akiko
金额：
$ 1.73万
依托单位：
Nara Women's University (1999)Osaka Gakuin University (1998)
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1998
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1998 至 1999
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10610479/
关键词：
hierarchy of negative contexts polarity contexts negative polarity item (NPI)bipolar element negation Boolean property monotone decreasing double negative property 肯定極性項目(PPI)両極項目(bipolar element)否定の階層性 minimizer 否定極性否定極性項目 /

项目摘要

It is generally accepted that negative contexts in natural languages are monotone decreasing (MD) while positive contexts are monotone increasing (MI). Van der Wouden (1997) claims, based on his data from Dutch, that natural languages universally have a hierarchy of negative contexts which can be defined by the three Boolean properties, i.e.monotone decreasing(MD), anti-additive(AA), antimorphic(AM). This research examined its universality, discovered another property which contributes to the distinction of negative contexts in English and Japanese, and showed that the defining properties of the hierarchy of negation vary among languages. The main results are as follows : (a) native speakers of English are sensitive not to the above three properties but to what we called a'double negative property (DN)', (b) English language has a bias to the weak negative polarity items (NPIs), i.e., that a large part of English NPIs appear in the weakest MD negative contexts, (c) native speakers of Japanese are sensitive to DN and AM properties, (d) Japanese language has a bias to the strong NPIs, i.e., that most of the Japanese NPIs appear in the strongest AM negative contexts and DN contexts, (e) like Dutch, Japanese has bipolar elements such as'itteki-demo', which appear only in the weakest MD and the middle AA negative contexts but not in positive MI contexts nor in the strongest AM negative contexts. What is called'polarity' forms a scale which has two poles of AM and MI, and several grades of negation between them. This research has shown that the ways of our recognizing negative contexts with different strength are not identical among natural languages, though the semantic property of negative environments in the widest sense is universal.

人们普遍认为，自然语言中的消极语境是单调递减（MD），而积极语境是单调递增（MI）。 Van der Wouden（1997）根据荷兰语的数据声称，自然语言普遍具有否定上下文的层次结构，可以通过三个布尔属性来定义，即单调递减（MD）、反加性（AA）、反形态（是）。这项研究检验了其普遍性，发现了另一个有助于区分英语和日语中否定语境的属性，并表明否定层次的定义属性因语言而异。主要结果如下：（a）以英语为母语的人对上述三个属性不敏感，而是对我们所谓的“双重否定属性（DN）”敏感，（b）英语对弱负极性有偏见项（NPI），即大部分英语 NPI 出现在最弱的 MD 负面上下文中，（c）日语母语者对 DN 和 AM 属性敏感，（d）日语对强 NPI 有偏见， IE。，大多数日本 NPI 出现在最强的 AM 负面语境和 DN 语境中，(e) 与荷兰语一样，日语也有双极元素，如“itteki-demo”，仅出现在最弱的 MD 和中间 AA 负面语境中，但不会出现在积极的 MI 环境中或在最强的 AM 消极环境中。所谓“极性”形成一个尺度，它有AM和MI两个极点，以及它们之间的几个否定等级。这项研究表明，尽管最广泛意义上的负面环境的语义属性是普遍存在的，但我们在自然语言中识别不同强度的负面情境的方式并不相同。