Between Consensus and Veto : Studies on the History of Parliamentary System in Early Modern Poland

共识与否决之间:近代波兰议会制度史研究

基本信息

批准号：
17520495
负责人：
KOYAMA Satoshi
金额：
$ 2.18万
依托单位：
Kyoto University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2005
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2005 至 2007
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17520495/
关键词：
Western history early modern history parliament Poland political culture nobles repulic szlachta

项目摘要

Early modern Poland-Lithuania is often called as a "Republic of Nobles", because the noble estates elected kings and wielded their power through the parliamentary system, which was consisted of the Diet (sejm) and the local assemblies (sejmiki). Polish "noble democracy" was based on these parliamentary institutions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in which the nobles attached great importance to the principle of unanimity. Through the sixteenth century Polish parliament functioned relatively well, whereas since the middle of the seventeenth century the parliamentary system, especially the sejm, had been paralyzed because of the "free veto" (liberum veto). In his classical studies on the liberum veto (1918), W1. Konopczynski regarded it as a cause of decline of Polish-Lithuanian state in the eighteenth century. His interpretation has been accepted by many historians until today. However recently some historians regard the "Republic of Nobles" as a "civic society", and shed new light on the early modern Polish parliamentary system.In this research project we attempted to survey the new tendencies of historical research on the parliamentary system and the political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Recent historical studies of political culture are based on concrete studies on the Polish-Lithuanian parliamentary system. Now they have begun to publish new syntheses on representative system in Poland-Lithuania. They include new interpretations and suggestions on the relationship between the central institutions and the local society or the role of the royal authority in the mixed monarchy. The liberum veto is also interpreted as an ultimate institution which could guarantee rights the minority.Results of our research were published in academic journals. In the final report of the project we also added a list of Diets which were summoned in Poland-Lithuania from the end of the fifteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century.

近代早期的波兰立陶宛常被称为“贵族共和国”，因为贵族阶层通过议会制度选举国王并行使权力，议会制度由议会（sejm）和地方议会（sejmiki）组成。波兰的“贵族民主”是以波兰立陶宛联邦的这些议会机构为基础的，其中贵族们非常重视一致同意的原则。整个16世纪波兰议会运作相对良好，而自17世纪中叶以来，议会制度，特别是众议院，因“自由否决”（liberum veto）而陷入瘫痪。在他关于自由否决的经典研究（1918）中，W1。科诺普钦斯基认为这是十八世纪波兰立陶宛国家衰落的原因。直到今天，他的解释仍被许多历史学家所接受。然而最近一些历史学家将“贵族共和国”视为“公民社会”，并对近代波兰议会制度有了新的认识。波兰立陶宛联邦的政治文化。最近的政治文化历史研究是基于对波兰立陶宛议会制度的具体研究。现在他们已经开始发表关于波兰-立陶宛代议制的新综合报告。其中包括对中央机构与地方社会的关系或王权在混合君主制中的作用的新解释和建议。自由否决权也被解释为一种可以保障少数人权利的终极制度。我们的研究结果发表在学术期刊上。在该项目的最终报告中，我们还添加了 15 世纪末至 18 世纪末波兰-立陶宛召集的议会名单。