The early modern Japanese justice and administration in the type of asking for approval of upper class organ

近代早期日本的司法与行政呈请上层机关的形式

• 批准号: 12620014
• 负责人: OHIRA Yuichi
• 金额: $ 0.58万
• 依托单位: Ritsumeikan University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2000
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2000 至 2001
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-12620014/
• 关键词: Hyojosho; Roju; uniformity of judgements; legal precedent; lower court; legala stability; Osadamegaki; Ukagai-Shirei type of administration of justice; 伺・指令型司法; 裁判の行政的性格; 司法の統一性・等質性; 自分仕置令; 御仕置例類集; 伺い; 伺い・指令; 伺い行政; 伺い・指令型行政国家; 問答

In Tokugawa period, the decision making processes in the administration of justice were constructed from the process of asking for approvals of upper class organ and from by the process of giving the approvals from it. We can call this decision making processes "Ukagai-Shirei" (asking and giving approval) type of administration of justice. The supreme court judges checked the original sentences of judgments from the lower court judges from the point of "uniformity of judgements". The supreme court judges attached importance to keeping the legal stability through giving same decision on the same kind of cases. Roju also thought the "uniformity of judgements" very important and sometimes argued with the supreme court judges on wether the reports submitted from them were compatible with Osadamegaki, the Code of Tokugawa Shogunate, and with precedents made by Roju before. Thus the Tokugawa Snogunate's legal system seeked for the "uniformity of judgments". The uniformity was very important to keep the legal stability indeed. The legal precedent, however, were the orders of Roju. The supreme court judges therefore could not make a different decision from the legal precedent, even if they thought the precedent concerned was not right. Thus the "uniformity of judgements" which was made under the system of "Ukagai-Shirei" type of administration of justice was destined to become conservative.

德川时代的司法决策过程是由向上层机关的请求批准过程和上层机关的批准过程构成的。我们可以将这种决策过程称为“Ukagai-Shirei”（请求并给予批准）类型的司法。最高法院法官从“判决的一致性”角度对下级法院法官的原判决进行了核对。最高法院法官重视同案同判，维护法律稳定。 Roju还认为“判决的一致性”非常重要，有时会与最高法院法官争论他们提交的报告是否符合《守田会》、《德川幕府法典》以及Roju之前制定的先例。因此，德川幕府的法律制度追求的是“判决的统一”。统一对于保持法律的稳定性确实非常重要。然而，法律先例是罗朱的命令。因此，最高法院法官不能做出与法律先例不同的决定，即使他们认为有关先例是不正确的。因此，在“鸭贝知礼”式司法体系下做出的“统一判决”注定会变得保守。

项目成果

大平祐一: "『問答集』に見られる租税滞納処分-近世国家の法の運用-"立命館法学. 275号. 180-195 (2001)

Yuichi Ohira：“《问答中所见的欠税处理 - 早期现代国家的法律适用》”立命馆法第 275 号。180-195 (2001)。

Yuichi OHIRA: "Collection Proceedings and Enforcement in Tokugawa Japan"RITSUMEIKAN LAW REVIEW. No. 275. 180-195 (2001)

Yuichi OHIRA：“日本德川的催收程序和执行”立命馆法律评论。