Comparative Trading Institutions Analysis

交易机构比较分析

基本信息

批准号：
10630100
负责人：
KOJIMA Kenji
金额：
$ 2.05万
依托单位：
Kobe University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1998
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1998 至 2000
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10630100/
关键词：
Trading institutions Trading practices Trading relationships Comparative institutions analysis Transaction costs Distribution Game theory Economics of information 取引コスト

项目摘要

This research examines the trading institutions from an international perspective based on game theory. Trading institutions are important concerns for firms that transact intermediate goods to achieve an efficient system. Various systems of trading relationships have evolved in different countries to attain efficient trading relationships. Particularly, there are significant differences in vertical relationships between Japan and the United States. In Japanese vertical relationships, in contrast, suppliers are an integral part of the product development and manufacturing processes : they are heavily involved, assume significant responsibility, and communicate extensively and directly with product and process engineers. Japanese suppliers frequently play a significant role in product development. Japanese firms do not rely on legal contracts to protect their interests in trading relationships.This research identifies major characteristics of Japanese trading relationships in a game-theoretic perspective. Given contractual incompleteness due to uncertainty and complexity, as durable relationship-specific investments become more important, the transaction costs associated with mediating vertical relationships using arm's length market increase hierarchy and only a few hundred at the first-tier. Vertical relationships in Japan involve building to reduce transportation costs and generally improve coordination. Significant features of Japanese trading relationships are identified : long-term relationships and commitments with effective communication ; forced competition among few suppliers ; willingness to make transaction-specific investments as well as to share technical information ; significant involvement of suppliers in product development.

这项研究从基于游戏理论的国际角度研究了交易机构。交易机构是交易中间商品以实现高效系统的公司的重要问题。各种贸易关系系统已经在不同国家发展，以实现有效的交易关系。特别是，日本与美国之间的垂直关系存在显着差异。相比之下，在日本垂直关系中，供应商是产品开发和制造过程中不可或缺的一部分：它们参与其中，承担重大责任，并与产品和过程工程师进行广泛和直接的交流。日本供应商经常在产品开发中发挥重要作用。日本公司不依靠法律合同来保护其在交易关系中的利益。这项研究在游戏理论的角度确定了日本交易关系的主要特征。考虑到由于不确定性和复杂性而导致的合同不完整，随着耐用的特定于关系的投资变得越来越重要，因此使用ARM的长度市场增加层次结构的垂直关系相关的交易成本增加，而在第一层情况下只有几百个。日本的垂直关系涉及建造以降低运输成本并通常改善协调。确定了日本贸易关系的重要特征：具有有效沟通的长期关系和承诺；强迫少数供应商的竞争；愿意进行特定于交易的投资以及共享技术信息；供应商的大量参与产品开发。