Comparative Trading Institutions Analysis

交易机构比较分析

基本信息

批准号：
10630100
负责人：
KOJIMA Kenji
金额：
$ 2.05万
依托单位：
Kobe University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1998
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1998 至 2000
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10630100/
关键词：
Trading institutions Trading practices Trading relationships Comparative institutions analysis Transaction costs Distribution Game theory Economics of information 取引コスト

项目摘要

This research examines the trading institutions from an international perspective based on game theory. Trading institutions are important concerns for firms that transact intermediate goods to achieve an efficient system. Various systems of trading relationships have evolved in different countries to attain efficient trading relationships. Particularly, there are significant differences in vertical relationships between Japan and the United States. In Japanese vertical relationships, in contrast, suppliers are an integral part of the product development and manufacturing processes : they are heavily involved, assume significant responsibility, and communicate extensively and directly with product and process engineers. Japanese suppliers frequently play a significant role in product development. Japanese firms do not rely on legal contracts to protect their interests in trading relationships.This research identifies major characteristics of Japanese trading relationships in a game-theoretic perspective. Given contractual incompleteness due to uncertainty and complexity, as durable relationship-specific investments become more important, the transaction costs associated with mediating vertical relationships using arm's length market increase hierarchy and only a few hundred at the first-tier. Vertical relationships in Japan involve building to reduce transportation costs and generally improve coordination. Significant features of Japanese trading relationships are identified : long-term relationships and commitments with effective communication ; forced competition among few suppliers ; willingness to make transaction-specific investments as well as to share technical information ; significant involvement of suppliers in product development.

本研究以博弈论为基础，从国际视角审视交易机构。贸易机构是进行中间产品交易以实现高效系统的公司的重要关注点。不同国家发展了各种贸易关系体系，以实现高效的贸易关系。尤其是日本和美国的纵向关系存在显着差异。相比之下，在日本的纵向关系中，供应商是产品开发和制造过程中不可或缺的一部分：他们积极参与，承担重大责任，并与产品和过程工程师进行广泛和直接的沟通。日本供应商经常在产品开发中发挥重要作用。日本企业并不依靠法律合同来保护其在贸易关系中的利益。本研究从博弈论的角度识别了日本贸易关系的主要特征。由于不确定性和复杂性导致合同不完整，随着持久关系特定投资变得更加重要，与使用独立市场调解垂直关系相关的交易成本增加了等级，并且在第一层仅几百美元。日本的纵向关系涉及建立降低运输成本并普遍改善协调的措施。确定了日本贸易关系的显着特征：长期关系和有效沟通的承诺；少数供应商之间的强制竞争；愿意进行特定交易的投资以及分享技术信息；供应商大量参与产品开发。