Collaborative Research Between Japan and Korea Based on Scientific Investigation into Pensive Bodhisattvas with One Leg Pendent

日韩合作研究——基于对单足跏趺菩萨的科学考察

基本信息

批准号：
21242003
负责人：
FUJIOKA Yutaka
金额：
$ 21.47万
依托单位：
Osaka University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
财政年份：
2009
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2009 至 2012
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In collaboration with a research team from the Korean National Museum, our team of sculptural history specialists, metallurgy specialists, archeologists, and scientific conservation specialists performed X-ray Fluorescence Analysis, XRF on some 100 sculptures, Coordinate Measuring analysis on 11 sculptures, and X ray photography on 7 sculptures of pensive bodhisattvas and related bronze Buddhist sculptures in Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam, Europe and America. As a result, we were able to make the provisional determination that with the exception of sculptures made by the Tori School, the bronze in Japanese-made Buddhist bronze sculptures used predominantly bronze that was native copper mixed with a slight bit of tin and that those made in Southern dynasties in China had especially high tin. Sculptures thought to have been made in Baekje also showed a tendency for the tin content to be high. Those made in North China contained the same levels of tin and lead. Also, related to the technic … More al methods of sculptural production, it was previously thought that the sculptures with high levels of pores（air bubbles that remain in the interior when the bronze is hardening）were those made on the Korean peninsula or in China, but with this analysis we were able to clarify that there was frequent use of a graver or burin (cold chisel) in the Japanese made sculptures, in comparison with the fabrication of the fine parts of the sculptures of the Korean peninsula and China, which were generally expressed at the mold stage, and that the quantity of pores did not necessarily have to do with the region in which the sculpture was produced. In 2009, bronze Liang Dynasty Buddhist sculptures were first excavated in Nanjing, and works thought to be Liang dynasty bronze Buddhist sculptures excavated in 2006 in the southern region of Cambodia and were introduced in 2010. Some of those were found to be similar to bronze Buddhist sculptures originating from excavations in the Korean peninsula and Shandong. Documentary evidence had previously indicated interaction between the Southern dynasties and Baekje; the actual works back up this documentation and further identified interactions between three regions including Shandong. Based on the above scientific analysis and the discovery of Southern dynasties bronze Buddhist statuary, we determined that it is necessary to reevaluate the production region of the sculptures passed down in Japan and Korea. It also became clear that it is necessary to incorporate the Southern dynasties into the investigation of the transmission of pensive Bodhisattva sculptures. Less

我们的雕塑历史专家、冶金专家、考古学家和科学保护专家团队与韩国国家博物馆的研究团队合作，对约 100 件雕塑进行了 X 射线荧光分析、XRF、对 11 件雕塑进行了坐标测量分析，并进行了 X 射线荧光分析。我们对日本、韩国、中国、越南、欧洲和美国的7尊沉思菩萨雕像和相关青铜佛教雕塑进行了射线摄影，从而制作出了临时作品。日本制造的佛教青铜器，除鸟派的雕塑外，所用的青铜主要是青铜，是天然铜中掺有少量的锡，而中国南朝制造的青铜器的锡含量特别高。被认为是在百济制造的雕塑也显示出锡含量较高的趋势，而且与雕塑制作的技术方法有关。之前认为具有大量孔隙（青铜硬化时残留在内部的气泡）的雕塑是在朝鲜半岛或中国制作的，但通过这种分析，我们能够澄清，经常使用刻刀或日本雕塑中的冷凿，与朝鲜半岛和中国雕塑的精细部分制作相比，一般在模具阶段表现出来，毛孔的数量并没有减少。这与该雕塑的产地有关。2009年，南京首次出土了梁代青铜佛像，并于2006年在柬埔寨南部地区出土了被认为是梁代青铜佛像的作品。 2010年，其中一些被发现与朝鲜半岛和山东发掘的青铜佛教雕塑相似，此前的文献证据表明它们之间存在相互作用。南朝和百济的实际文献支持了这一文献，并确定了包括山东在内的三个地区之间的相互作用。基于上述科学分析和南朝青铜佛造像的发现，我们确定有必要重新评估产地。日本、韩国的传世造像也明显有必要将南朝的菩萨造像纳入考证。