Terracotta Figurines in the Persian Achaemenid Near East: New Perspectives from the Unpublished Materials of Tell Mardikh, Syria

波斯阿契美尼德近东的兵马俑：叙利亚特尔马尔迪赫未出版材料的新视角

• 批准号: 416989970
• 负责人: Dr. Maria Gabriella Micale
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2017-12-31 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/416989970?language=en
• 关键词: Terracotta; Figurines; Persian; Achaemenid; Near

Terracotta figurines form an important part of the material culture of the ancient Near East and seem to have a central position also under the Achaemenids, especially in the western regions of the Empire. A comprehensive study of these materials has been lacking for several reasons: because they are figurines, which are often interpreted as products of popular culture, and perhaps also because they are of Persian period, whose levels are often underrepresented in the archaeological literature of ancient Syria and Mesopotamia. Two further factors negatively contributed to the proper evaluation of the figurines of this period and to the formulation of a proper method of research in the panorama of materials and iconographies of Syria and neighboring regions at the turn of the second half of the first Millennium BC: the lack of a reliable stratigraphical context and the evaluation of anthropomorphic figurines in the light of misleading categories of interpretation, such as dressed vs. naked female figures, Greek vs. “Oriental” iconography, deity vs. devotee. The consequence is a scholarly constructed framework of interpretation which is difficult to break.In the incomplete panorama of published specimens from the Persian Achaemenid period, the study of the coroplastic production in the Persian Achaemenid Near East from the perspective of Tell Mardikh and its unpublished materials (ca. 3000 pieces) opens an important opportunity of research thanks to three main elements: 1) the extension of the corpus; 2) the controlled stratigraphy of provenance; 3) the architectural context of provenance. Considering the critical points of the past research devoted to the figurines of the Persian Achaemenid period highlighted above, the main objectives of the project can be thus summarized as follows:1) to create a catalogue of the pieces from Tell Mardikh based on the identification, classification, and hierarchization of relevant attributes; 2) to establish a definitive association between the terracotta figurines and the stratigraphy and architecture of Tell Mardikh;3) to re-evaluate the assemblages containing similar figurines of the same period from other sites in Syria (central, coastal and eastern) in terms of attributes, technique of production as well as stratigraphy and architectural context, thus creating a distributional map and comparison to neighboring regions;4) to assess an archaeological and historical framework of interpretation of the production, use and distribution of terracotta figurines; and the circulation of the iconographies documented in the terracotta figurines of the period throughout Syria, the Mediterranean and the Near East.

兵马俑是古代近东物质文化的重要组成部分，在阿契美尼德王朝时期似乎也占有中心地位，特别是在帝国的西部地区，由于以下几个原因，一直缺乏对这些材料的全面研究：它们是雕像，通常被解释为流行文化的产物，也许还因为它们是波斯时期的，其水平在古代叙利亚和美索不达米亚的考古文献中往往未被充分体现，还有两个因素对正确评估产生了负面影响。公元前第一个千年下半叶之际，这一时期的雕像以及对叙利亚及邻近地区的材料和图像全景的适当研究方法的制定：缺乏可靠的地层背景和评估根据误导性的解释类别，例如穿着衣服的女性人物与裸体的女性人物、希腊人与“东方”肖像、神与奉献者，对拟人化雕像进行了分类，其结果是一个学术构建的解释框架。在已发表的波斯阿契美尼德时期标本的不完整全景中，从泰尔·马迪克及其未发表的材料（约3000件）的角度研究波斯阿契美尼德近东的冠体生产，为研究提供了一个重要的机会。研究归功于三个主要要素：1）语料库的扩展；2）起源的受控地层学；3）考虑到过去研究的关键点。对于上面强调的波斯阿契美尼德时期的雕像，该项目的主要目标可以概括如下：1）根据相关属性的识别、分类和层次化，创建 Tell Mardikh 作品的目录2； ) 在兵马俑与特尔马尔迪赫的地层和建筑之间建立明确的联系；3) 重新评估包含来自其他地点的同一时期的类似雕像的组合叙利亚（中部、沿海和东部）的属性、生产技术以及地层和建筑背景，从而创建分布图并与邻近地区进行比较；4）评估生产解释的考古和历史框架兵马俑的使用和分布；以及该时期兵马俑中记载的图像在整个叙利亚、地中海和近东地区的流通。