Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: The Impacts of War: A Long Term Perspective

博士论文改进补助金：战争的影响：长期视角

• 批准号: 1934521
• 负责人: Amber VanDerwarker
• 金额: $ 2.51万
• 依托单位: University of California-Santa Barbara
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-08-01 至 2020-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1934521&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Impacts

Warfare has profound influences on human economic activities and health. Characterizing the effects of warfare is a critical step towards understanding the true costs of war and helps to realize how people living in war zones cope with chronic risk. Nevertheless, it remains a substantial challenge to understand the complex relationships between warfare, economics, and health. Difficulties arise from the myriad pathways through which warfare can affect subsistence and well-being, and in-turn, how one's heath can impact their susceptibility to violence. Moreover, studies of this kind require large, longitudinal datasets, which can be difficult to obtain in modern contexts due to the dangers of working in areas with ongoing violence. Archaeology can provide critical insights into warfare by 1) focusing on the long-term impacts of violent conflict, 2) assessing warfare among small-scale societies that are more representative of humans shared evolutionary past, and 3) allowing researchers to study populations experiencing war without putting investigators or participants in harm's way. This research project will help to understand the complex ways in which people cope with conflict, and the socioecological conditions that encourage individuals to adopt risk-prone or risk-averse wartime economic strategies. Specifically, this research seeks to explain how people living in warzones proactively respond to warfare in ways that maximize the likelihood of attaining their economic and health needs while minimizing the probability of violent encounters. Further, it will evaluate why some individuals decide to maintain risky wartime economic activities that others have long abandoned. The research team will also generate novel datasets for evaluating the timing and severity of warfare in the ancient Andes, while creating educational opportunities for students that are traditionally underrepresented in STEM fields or labs.In this doctoral dissertation award NSF funding will be used to date the archaeological sites under consideration and conduct stable isotope analyses to reconstruct wartime dietary strategies and mobility. Materials used for the project include human skeletal remains excavated from the Nasca highlands of Peru from cemeteries dating to the Late Intermediate period (LIP; AD 1000-1450). Previous research conducted by the dissertation student Weston McCool and his team revealed a pattern of chronic, internecine warfare in this region during the Late Intermediate Period, defined by high rates of lethal trauma among both sexes and all age cohorts that are significantly higher than the preceding Middle Horizon period (AD 500-1000). Rates of disease also significantly increased during the LIP as revealed by high percentages of pathologies indicative of nutritional deficiencies. McCool's team will use small samples of bone from the excavated human skeletal material to evaluate each individual's stable isotope chemistry. Stable carbon isotope analysis will reveal dietary plant composition, while stable nitrogen analysis will assess how hunting and herding "the major sources of dietary meat protein in the region" changed during wartime. Stable oxygen isotope chemistry will be used to elucidate patterns of mobility, by evaluating whether the LIP population constrained their movement throughout the landscape during this period. These combined analyses will reveal how LIP peoples altered economic activities in response to the risk of warfare-related violence.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

战争对人类的经济活动和健康有深远的影响。表征战争的影响是了解战争的真实成本的关键步骤，并有助于意识到生活中的人们如何应对慢性风险。然而，了解战争，经济学和健康之间的复杂关系仍然是一个重大挑战。困难源于战争可以影响生存和福祉的无数途径，而陷入困境的荒地如何影响其对暴力的易感性。此外，对此类的研究需要大型的纵向数据集，由于在持续的暴力领域工作的危险，在现代背景下可能很难获得。考古学可以通过1）关注暴力冲突的长期影响来提供对战争的批判性见解，2）评估在人类共享进化过去的小型社会之间的战争，以及3）3）允许研究人员研究经历战争的人群，而无需损害研究人员或参与者的方式。该研究项目将有助于了解人们应对冲突的复杂方式，以及鼓励个人采用容易风险或避开风险的战时经济策略的社会生态条件。具体而言，这项研究试图解释生活在战区中的人们如何以最大程度地提高达到其经济和健康需求的可能性，同时最大程度地减少暴力遭遇的可能性，以最大程度地对战争做出反应。此外，它将评估为什么有些人决定维持其他人长期以来一直放弃的风险战时经济活动。研究团队还将生成新的数据集，以评估古代安第斯山脉的战争时间和严重性，同时为传统上在STEM领域或实验室中代表性不足的学生创造教育机会。在此博士学位论文奖中，NSF资金将用于考虑考虑稳定的同步型和稳定的策略，以纪念稳定的考古策略，以延续稳定的策略和动作策略。该项目使用的材料包括从秘鲁的NASCA高地从墓地到中间时期晚期（Lip; AD 1000-1450）发掘的人类骨骼遗体。论文学生Weston McCool和他的团队在中期晚期进行了慢性，内部战争的模式，这是由性别和所有年龄群体的高致死性创伤发生率明显高于前期中期（AD 500-1000）的高度高。嘴唇期间的疾病率也显着升高，这表明很高的病理表明营养缺乏症。 McCool的团队将使用从发掘的人类骨骼材料中使用的少量骨骼来评估每个人的稳定同位素化学。稳定的碳同位素分析将揭示饮食植物的成分，而稳定的氮分析将评估狩猎和放牧“该地区饮食肉类蛋白的主要来源”如何改变战时。稳定的氧同位素化学将通过评估唇部种群在此期间是否限制了整个景观中的运动，将使用稳定的氧同位素化学来阐明迁移率的模式。这些联合分析将揭示口语如何应对与战争相关的暴力风险而改变经济活动。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并认为使用基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛的影响审查标准，认为值得通过评估来获得支持。