Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Award: Social and Ecological Effects of Cattle Introduction

博士论文改进奖：牛引进的社会和生态效应

• 批准号: 1930628
• 负责人: Katherine Emery
• 金额: $ 2.95万
• 依托单位: University of Florida
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-08-01 至 2022-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1930628&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Award; Social

When Europeans arrived to the Americas in the late 1500s, they introduced many organisms unknown to the "newly discovered" continent. The most impactful of these organisms was the domestic cow, the raising of which dramatically changed landscapes, animal management, and interactions among people. The biological consequence of the European colonialism, and in particular the introduction of cattle, constitutes a major event of human history that definitively shaped the modern world. In this study, archaeological remains of colonial period cattle are analyzed to better understand the effects of this introduction not only on the cattle themselves, but also on the development of the diverse colonial societies of Mesoamerica and the Caribbean during the two first centuries of Spanish rule. Archaeology, and more particularly zooarchaeology is particularly well placed to explore this topic because it provides a direct analysis of the fine-grained processes that affected the animals' biology and behavior but also how their management affected human social systems. Archaeological remains from five early colonial sites from Mexico, Guatemala, and Haiti, dating between the early 16th and the late 17th centuries, will be studied to identify the geographic origins of the animals (ancient DNA), their morphological diversity (skeletal morphometrics), and their demographic and health structure (age/sex and pathologies of the individuals within each population). Together these lines of evidence will provide an image of how the first colonists brought, traded and exchanged these animals. Cattle raising represented, and still represents in many regions of the Americas including the US, a crucial aspect of culture and economics. Studying the first steps of the implementation of cattle raising will shed a new light on the pivotal role played by domestic animals such as cattle in the early colonization of the Americas. This project is also a methodological contribution to the field by constituting the first use of combined archaeological genomics and morphological traits to document the history trajectory of colonial faunas in the Americas. Collaborations among US, Mexican and Guatemalan researchers, as well as lectures and museum exhibits will provide information and encourage discussion among the international audience of archaeologists, biologists, and cattle-owners. To address the question of how the transplantation and exploitation of cattle transformed both cattle and human populations in the Caribbean and Mesoamerica during the early Spanish colonial period, the research project will use three methodological approaches: (1) extraction and sequencing of ancient DNA from archaeological cow remains will clarify the origins and phylogeographic history of New World colonial cattle. (2) Geometric morphometric (GMM) data will define the regional and temporal variability of cow molar shape as a proxy for cattle morphotype diversity. These two lines of evidence will reveal the composition of the original populations of Spanish colonial cattle, highlight whether the animals were brought from Europe or Africa, and clarify the chronology of these introductions across the study region. (3) Finally, zooarchaeological markers of age and sex will document cattle herd demographics, and paleopathological indicators of health will illustrate the impact of diverse cattle husbandry practices.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

当欧洲人在1500年代后期到达美洲时，他们引入了许多“新发现”大陆不知道的生物。这些生物中最有影响力的是家牛，其饲养大大改变了人们之间的景观，动物管理和互动。欧洲殖民主义的生物学后果，尤其是牛的引入，构成了人类历史的重大事件，它最终塑造了现代世界。在这项研究中，分析了殖民时期牛的考古遗骸，以更好地理解本引言的影响不仅对牛本身，而且对中西美裔美国人和加勒比海的多样化殖民地社会的发展在西班牙统治的两个世纪中。考古学，尤其是动物考古学在探索该主题方面特别有利，因为它直接分析了影响动物的生物学和行为的细颗粒过程，还提供了其管理层如何影响人类社会系统。将研究来自墨西哥，危地马拉和海地的五个早期殖民地遗址的考古遗体，其历史悠久，历史悠久至16世纪初至17世纪末，以确定动物（古代DNA）的地理起源（古代DNA），它们的形态学多样性（它们的形态学多样性）（骨骼形态图）及其人际形态和健康结构（年龄/性别/性别和性别）（年龄/性别的人群）在每个人群中）。这些证据共同提供了第一批殖民者如何带来，交易和交换这些动物的形象。饲养牛代表着，在包括美国在内的许多地区，也代表了文化和经济学的关键方面。研究饲养牛的实施的第一步将对牛等家族动物（例如牛）在美洲早期殖民中所扮演的关键作用。该项目也是对该领域的方法论贡献，它构成了首次使用考古基因组学和形态学特征来记录美洲殖民动物动物群的历史轨迹。我们之间的合作，墨西哥和危地马拉的研究人员以及讲座和博物馆展览将提供信息，并鼓励国际考古学家，生物学家和养牛所有者之间的讨论。为了解决西班牙早期殖民时期的牛的移植和剥削如何改变加勒比海和中美洲的牛和人口，研究项目将采用三种方法学方法：（1）提取和测序从考古牛出发，将古代DNA从考古牛出发，将澄清起源和植物学学史。 （2）几何形态计量学（GMM）数据将定义牛摩尔形状的区域和时间变化，作为牛形态多样性的代理。这两条证据将揭示西班牙殖民牛原始种群的组成，强调了这些动物是从欧洲还是非洲带来的，并阐明了整个研究区域的这些介绍的年表。 （3）最后，年龄和性别的动物考古学标志物将记录牛群人的人口统计学，而健康的古病学指标将说明多样化的牛饲养惯例的影响。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为是值得通过基金会的知识分子和更广泛影响的评估来进行评估的支持，这是值得的。

项目成果

Humans and animals in the Postclassic Cuchumatanes: the archaeological fauna from Chiantla Viejo (Huehuetenango, Guatemala)

后古典库丘马塔内斯中的人类和动物：Chiantla Viejo（危地马拉韦韦特南戈）的考古动物群

• DOI: 10.15366/archaeofauna2021.30.001
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: Archaeofauna
• 作者: DEL SOL, NICOLAS;CASTILLO, VICTOR
• 通讯作者: CASTILLO, VICTOR

Disassembling cattle and enskilling subjectivities: Butchering techniques and the emergence of new colonial subjects in Santiago de Guatemala

• DOI: 10.1177/1469605320906910
• 发表时间: 2020-02-18
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ARCHAEOLOGY
• 影响因子: 1.2
• 作者: Delsol, Nicolas